Benjamin Franklin Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston on January 17th, 1706. His father was Josiah Franklin, a atomic number 48 and soap maker. His mother was Abiah Folger and she was Josiahs second wife. Benjamin Franklin was the youngest son of 17 children. Benjamin attended Boston Latin School for two years but did non graduate because of lack of money however he continued his education by reading swell quantities. His parents wanted him to go into the church, however at mount up 10 his schooling ended and he worked for his father until he was 12, when he became an apprentice printer for his brother James. When Benjamin was 15 his brother created the New England Courant which was the premier(prenominal) independent newspaper in the colonies. Benjamin was not allowed to write for the paper so he invented a pseudonym of Mrs. Silence Dogood, these letter were published and became a subject of conversation around town. When his older brother, James, discovered that these letter bel onged to Benjamin he has not happy. Benjamin Franklin left his apprenticeship without permission and became a fugitive. At 17 Franklin ran away to Philadelphia seeking a new start, at his arrival he worked in a few print shops in town. He was the convinced to go to London by Sir William Keith who supposedly wanted to start a new newspaper, however this was untrue. Franklin worked in London as a compositor in a printers shop and then returned to Philadelphia in 1726 with the help of a merchant who gave Franklin a position as clerk, shopkeeper and bookkeeper in his merchant business. In 1727 at the get along with of 21 Benjamin created the Junto, this was a group of aspiring artisan and tradesmen who wanted to improve themselves as they improved their community. The members of the Ju... ...s. He sailed into British waters and had a great fight against the British, eventually two proud British ships surrendered and they were taken to French waters as American prices. He conducted the affairs of the United States with great success, he was able to secure a military alliance in 1778 and was able to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, and this led to the end of the American Revolutionary war. He remained in Paris until 1785 having accomplished what he was sent there to do. When Benjamin Franklin returned to America in 1785 his position as the champion of American Independence was second precisely to George Washington. He is the only founding father who signed all four of the major documents of the founding of the United States these are the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris, the Treaty of adhesion with France and the United States Constitution.

The Truth About Serial and Mass Murders Essay -- different police prof

A murderer is a murderer. There is no doubt about it, a person like that deserves to be penalise for the crime they committed. However, not every killer is the same there ar some who are draw murderers who go on killing rampages for reasons of their own, and accordingly there are the serial killers that love to kill people because it makes them feel some sort of emotion. People often mistake these killers as one and the same, but in reality they are completely different in the ways they are profiled by the police, how they commit their murders and the effect they have on the community and the nation.Granted portion and serial murders are both killers, the police profile them differently. Even though they each have a different style of killing, both serial killers and mass murderers follow patterns. In an article written by R.M and S.T. Holmes they say that the mass murderer is perceived as a demented, mentally ill person. As the quote in the book says Prendergast was obviously mentally ill as are most other mass murderers. In the book, The urticate in the light City, Larson says that Holmes was warm and charming and talkative, he touched the women with a familiarity that while perhaps back at home would have been offensive, now seemed quite alright in the new city of Chicago (Larson, 245). R.M and S.T. Holmes observe that serial killers give themselves no discernible traits form the other people in society they walk into the lives of many, invited then fatally dispatched with little concern. Just like Larson said Holmes invited himself into the lives of many, and while he may have stood out in the way he touched them, Im original it wasnt a big factor because this was the beginning of a new era and younger people were behaving with mo... ...is committed, it is tragic, no matter the type of killer, but it is burning(prenominal) to know the difference between a mass and serial murderer. Figuring out their patterns can possibly help the law enforcers ca tch them before things define out of hand. It can also help police understand what makes the murderers the way they are, so the police can possibly stop the things that trigger tem to become the killers that they are. These murderers are different because of the way they the police see them, the way they kill their victims and the way they scare they community and the nation.Works Cited Holmes, R. M., and S. T. Holmes. (n.d.) n. pag. Rpt. in Federal Probation. 1st ed. Vol. 56. N.p. n.p., n.d. 9-53. Ebsco Host. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.Larson, Erik. The Devil in the White City Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America. New York Crown, 2003. Print.

Greek Tragedy :: essays papers

Greek TragedyThe tragedy was a large part of peoples lives in ancient Greece. Tragedies became prominent long before Christ was born. A tragedy, or goat-song, usually were seen during festivals in ancient Greek times. Tragedies gradually increased in seriousness until they were given utmost importance. Greek tragedies began at a festival in honor of a god, there were three great sad authors, and all tragedies include a tragic situation.Greek tragedies began at a festival in honor of Dionysius, who was the god of wine. At the early festivals, drinking, quarrels, and sexual activity occurred frequently. Later on, tragedies gained much more respect and were taken very seriously. The plays dealt with mans relationship with god(s). These plays also dealt with a specific instance of life. The choir wore goat-skins and served a great purpose in the tragedies, themselves. Thespis, the father of the tragedy, created an actor who talked with the leader of the chorus to further make the imp ortance of the chorus seen. In Greek tragedy, three masters were paramount. They were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. These three playwrights all wrote for the festivals of Dionysius, but none of the three were alike. Aeschylus writes about Athenian power, arrogance, and ancient rule. Sophocles accepts the gods as the way they are. He does not believe in the violation of cosmic order. Euripides questions spirit. He also faults the old way of doing things.Every tragedy has a tragic situation in which the tragic hero finds himself. There are two basic tragic situations. The most common situation is a man between two collide principles. Every situation results in sorrow and suffering for the protagonist, or tragic hero. Creon is the tragic hero who suffers dearly for his situation. A choice is imperative to a tragic situation. In tragic situations, a conclusion must be made, or has already been made, which results in suffering for the hero.

In 1794 Temporary Capital :: essays research papers

In 1794 the temporary capital was in an extreme state of political excitement. Federalist Thimas Fitzsimons, was challenged by Republican John Swanwick with nefarious charges with the intent to attract voters. Fitzsimonss supporters called Swanwick an unst open person who was unknown by the political public until he got to know the enemies and made friends with them. John won a syunning victory over Fitzsimons, beating seven of the twelve votes and getting fifty-six percent of the votes.1789 and 1801 were very crucial years for the young America. Franklin had said that Americans had proved that they were able to destroy governments. The candidates for this election were Thomas Fitzsimon, and John Swanwick.Fitzsimons was born in Ireland and later migrated to the colonies before the revolution. He first started low by working for a clerk, hence later moved up and married into the principal merchants family. he was the original founders of the Bank of northwards America, and the pre sident of the Insurance Company of North America. John was a Roman Catholic. He was a member of the Federalist inner circle in Philadelphia and a firm supporter of Alexander Hamilton.Swanwick was born in England. Him and his family arrived in the colonies in the early 1770s. John embraced the Patriot cause. Johnwas hired as a merchant in a firm where is fluency in cut and German made him invaluable to the firm. He quickly rose to full partnership in 1783. then in 1794 he bought out his partner look at in the company and became full owner. By 1793, he had fallen away from Federalism and had become a Democratic-Republican.The Federalists believed in preserving liberty. It was revealing the rulers who were chosen by the people and the government. Their views on the whisky rebellion were that they vowed not to pay taxes. The democratic-republican wanted war. They were letting the revenue officers arrange themselves immediately under the banner of treasury. The first account of yellow febricity appeared toward the latter end of July, in a lodging house in North Water Street. During the month of august the funerals amounted to upwards of three hundred. The disease quickly spread through all sides, and in this month iodin thousand four hundred were added to this list of mortality. The disease was still progressing and towards the end ninety to one hundred were dyeing daily. The mortality total amounted to four thousand and forty one deaths.

Do you agree that Achebe shows an - awareness of the human qualities :: English Literature

Do you agree that Achebe shows an - awareness of the human qualities common to scarce(prenominal) men of all times and places - or do you find the tonic only unambiguously African and of its time?Achebes style has been described as one of noteworthy economy andsubtle irony uniquely and richly African .. revealing Achebes keenawareness of the human qualities common to all men of all times andplaces. Do you agree that Achebe shows an awareness of the humanqualities common to all men of all times and places or do you findthe novel only uniquely African and of its time?Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a twentieth-century Africantragedy written about the destruction of the African Igbo tribe bywhite men from the west. The novel focuses on Africas gradualinvasion by white Westerners and the effects of colonisation onspecific individuals and groups within the society. The novel has manydistinct African features that define the pre-colonial culture of theIgbo tribe. The very beginn ing of the novel describes an Africanfestival, in which drums and flutes are being used whilst thespectators look on in awe,The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held theirbreath.Achebes use of sensory language, such as the sounds of theinstruments, gives the audience a greater sense of shared experienceof what it was resembling to be part of the Igbo tribe. Achebes style ofwriting throughout the novel allows the audience to imagine being inthe position of characters such as Okonkwo who had their common, handed-down beliefs and rituals gradually overridden by theincreasingly-dominant Western ideology.Achebe uses simple language throughout the novel, particularly at thebeginning and this reflects the simplicity of the African oralstorytelling tradition. As most African stories were told intraditional verbal ways by illiterate people, the language used tendedto be simple,Unoka went into an inner room and soon returned with a small woodydisc containing a kola nut, som e alligator pepper and a lump of whitechalk.Achebe uses this technique to yield some simple, vivid visual vision for the reader, while making them aware of traditional Africanfoods such as kola nuts. This type of sentence perfectly illustratesAchebes intentions of making this novel uniquely African.Henrickson suggests Things Fall Apart uses language and structures that make its world seem familiar to Western readers but questionswhether it really is familiar to us. Henrickson believes that thenovel is there to provide an understanding of the African perspectiveof colonisation however, he does not argue that the novel is relevantto us.

Do you agree that Achebe shows an - awareness of the human qualities :: English Literature

Do you agree that Achebe shows an - awareness of the human qualities common to all work force of all times and places - or do you find the novel only uniquely African and of its time?Achebes style has been described as one of remarkable economy and crafty irony uniquely and richly African .. revealing Achebes keenawareness of the human qualities common to all men of all times andplaces. Do you agree that Achebe shows an awareness of the humanqualities common to all men of all times and places or do you findthe novel only uniquely African and of its time?Things croak A type by Chinua Achebe is a twentieth-century Africantragedy written about the destruction of the African Igbo tribe bywhite men from the west. The novel focuses on Africas gradualinvasion by white Westerners and the effects of colonisation onspecific individuals and groups within the society. The novel has many transparent African features that define the pre-colonial culture of theIgbo tribe. The very beginning of the novel describes an Africanfestival, in which drums and flutes are being used whilst thespectators look on in awe,The drums strum and the flutes sang and the spectators held theirbreath.Achebes use of sensory language, such as the sounds of theinstruments, gives the audience a greater sense of shared experienceof what it was like to be part of the Igbo tribe. Achebes style ofwriting throughout the novel allows the audience to imagine being inthe position of characters such as Okonkwo who had their common,traditional beliefs and rituals gradually overridden by theincreasingly-dominant Western ideology.Achebe uses simple language throughout the novel, particularly at thebeginning and this reflects the simplicity of the African oralstorytelling tradition. As most African stories were told intraditional verbal ways by illiterate people, the language used tendedto be simple,Unoka went into an inner room and soon returned with a small woodendisc containing a kola nut, some alligator pepp er and a lump of whitechalk.Achebe uses this technique to provide some simple, vivid visualimagery for the reader, while fashioning them aware of traditional Africanfoods such as kola nuts. This type of sentence perfectly illustratesAchebes intentions of making this novel uniquely African.Henrickson suggests Things Fall Apart uses language and structures that make its world seem familiar to Western readers but questionswhether it really is familiar to us. Henrickson believes that thenovel is there to provide an understanding of the African perspectiveof colonisation however, he does not argue that the novel is relevantto us.

Executive Summaries Essay

The executive director summary is usually no hourlong than 10% of the original document. It can be anywhere from 1-10 pages long, depending on the reports length. executive summaries are written literally for an executive who nigh likely DOES NOT have the time to read the original. Executive summaries make a passAccuracy is essential because decisions will be made based on your summary by peck who have non read the original Executive summaries frequently summarize more than than one document Types of SummariesSummaries written in order to recommend a specific course of action are executive summaries. Summaries that highlight the major points of a long piece are called abstracts. The purpose of an abstract is to allow readers to decide whether or non they want to read the longer text. View our Writing Guide about AbstractsStandard summary only refers to a summary of someone elses published work and is written for a variety of purposes. View our Writing Guide about Standard Sum mariesProcesses for Writing an Executive SummaryExecutive summaries are typically written for longer reports. They should not be written until after your report is finished. Before writing your summary, try Summarizing the major sections of your report. You might even copy text from your report into the summary and then(prenominal) edit it down. Talking aloud or even tape recording yourself summarizing sections of your report. Questions to Ask Yourself as You WriteWhat is your report about?Why is it important?What is implicate in the report?What is included in each section?Concise StatementAs a c everywhere sheet to your document, an executive summary affect not go into ANY mention of how you conducted your analytic thinking and/or what youre basing your conclusion on. Instead, begin with a concise statement of the conclusion you reached after conducting your analysis and/or research is the paper that will be attached. For example, after a comparison of what other schools like C SU do about personal calls for faculty, you conclude that the CSU is charging for calls most other institutions do not. How you word the conclusion will differ depending on your audience and what they care most about. The following examples illustrate how the wording must limiting given an audiences needs. Example OneColorado State should discontinue the practice of charging faculty for personal calls. This is a good example if the people you work for are only interested in this issue. It begins with a summary of conclusions regarding only the CSU population.Example TwoBecause I have found that over 75% of comparable institutions do not charge for personal calls, I have concluded that our faculty is justified in objecting to this practice which should be seen as a perk for our faculty. This sentence provides unnecessary in initialiseion about other institutions and/or why the faculty think they deserve to have these calls paid for. Your readers can draw that selective informatio n from the report. Further, the use of I is unnecessary since your readers already know who wrote the report. Writing RecommendationsAfter beginning with a summary statement of your findings, the executive summary should go on to provide a specific pass for action geared toward your audience. For example, the report on charging for personal calls was requested by the presidents office, not the individual departments and colleges who actually determine policy. As a result, the recommendation for action is geared toward what the presidents office should do, not the other departments involved. To learn more about writing recommendations After summarizing the entire article and/or research report(s), an executivesummary ends with a one or two line recommendation for action. Simple FormulaExecutive summaries frequently make use of transitional phrases to encapsulate the preceding information in the same sentence as the recommendation. The format can almost be envisioned as a formula tra nsitional word + concise statement of information provided in summary, I recommend that corporation, office, person in question do recommendations. More Complex RecommendationsIn other cases, the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the recommendation. In this case, the recommendation divide usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the recommendation.ExampleSusies Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the middle west. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same mall-concept marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susies Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susies quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, collectable to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale fi gures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising be will increase by 200% for the initiative two historic period of the matter expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars.The result of increased advertising and construction costs will fructify a substantial debt burden on Susies cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susies Cookies is likely to show up a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and study costs of national expansion. Susies Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Fields does not participate in the hostile takeoverunder consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Justif icationFinally, an executive summary provides an analysis and/or acknowledgment for the proposed action in terms the audience will consider important. In many cases, this might involve a monetary analysis as in the example to the right, but actions can be justified many ways, depending on the concerns of the audience and the topic of the report (e.g. for CSU these might include increase in learner learning, better relationship with the community, etc.). justification for the recommendation by referring to information summarized. A recommendations justification is usually based on a credit entry to material already provided in the summary. In other cases, the justification for the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the justification. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the conclusion that leads to the justification. Example JustificationBased on the current number and length o f long-distance personal calls by faculty, such a proposal would cost the university $150,000 annually. In comparison to the overall budget, this is a small amount, but one which might endure for itself in terms of faculty satisfaction and possible recruitment benefits. ExampleSusies Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same mall-concept marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susies Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susies quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, con struction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars.The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debtburden on Susies cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susies Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susies Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Fields does not participate in the hostile takeover under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Example Executive SummaryThe jam Resort charges below average rental rates. (concise statement of findings) The attached report recommends a 20% increase in price for the follo wing equipment 1. downhill skis, 2. telemark skis, 3. boots/ dress for downhill, telemark, and cross-country skis. (specific recommendation for action) Based on average rental business for 1992-1995, these increases would generate an annual rental profit for Mountainview of $750,000. This figure represents an overall gain of $150,000 over current rental profits.(justification for proposed action) Additional ResourcesOther Writing Guides are available to help you write executive summaries. Choose any of the following for more informationPurposeAudienceOrganization

Ap Us History Dbq on Puritans

AP United States Hitarradiddle 2010 Free-Response Questions The College mount The College get on with is a not-for-profit social status association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their p bents, 23,000 mellow schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college readiness, college admission, guidance, assessment, financial aid and enrollment.Among its widely recognized programs are the SAT, the PSAT/NMSQT, the Advanced Placement Program (AP), SpringBoard and ACCUPLACER. The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in tout ensemble of its programs, services, activities and concerns. 2010 The College Board. College Board, ACCUPLACER, Advanced Placement Program, AP , AP Central, SAT, SpringBoard and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board.Admitted Class Evaluation Service is a trademark owned by the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their individual owners. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at www. collegeboard. com/inquiry/cbpermit. html. call on the carpet the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. AP Central is the authorized online home for the AP Program apcentral. ollegeboard. com. 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS UNITED STATES HISTORY SECTION II Part A (Suggested writing time45 minutes) Percent of fragment II score45 Directions The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of historys A-J and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question . High heaps will be earned only by essays that both cite key pieces of severalise from the documents and draw on outside knowledge of the period. 1.In what ways did ideas and value held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? Document A Source John Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity, 1630. . . . wee must be knitt together, in this worke, as one man. Wee must entertaine each other in brotherly affection. Wee must be unbidden to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the tote up of others necessities. Wee must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekeness, gentlenes, patience and liberality.Wee must delight in eache other chafe others conditions our owne rejoice together, mourne together, labour and suffer together, always haueving before our eyes our commission and community in the worke, as members of the same body. . . . The eies eyes of all plurality are upon us. Soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our perfection in this worke wee have undertaken, and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by-word through the military man. 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -2- 010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Document B 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -3- 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Document C Source The Enlarged Salem Covenant of 1636. In ordinary or private, we will willingly do nothing to the offence of the church . . . We bind our selves to study the advancement of the gospel in all truth and peace both in regard of those that are within or without church membership . . . not laying a stumbling block before any, no, not the Indians, whose good we desire to bring forward . . We do hereby promise to carry our selves in all lawful obedience to those that are over us, in Church or Commonwealth, knowing how healthy pleasing it will be to the Lord . . . We resolve to approve our selves to the Lord in our particular callings shunning idleness as the bane of any give tongue to nor will we deal hardly or oppressingly with any, wherein we are the Lords stewards. Promising also unto our best ability to teach our children and servants the knowledge of God, and of His Will, that they may serve Him also and all this not by any strength of our own, but by the Lord Christ . . Document D Source William Bradford, after the colonists attack on the Pequots Mystic River village, 1637. It was a fearful sight to see them thus frying in the fire, and the streams of blood quenching the same and horrible was the stink and scent hence but the victory seemed a sweet sacrifice, and they gave the praise thereof to God, who had wrought so wonderfully for them, thus to enclose their enemies in their hands, and give them so spry a victory over so proud, insulting, and blasphemous an enemy. 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. ollegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -4- 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Document E Source A allegement about education in New England, 1643. After God had carried us safe to New England, and wee had builded our houses, provided necessaries for our livelihood, rescindd convenient places for Gods worship, and chastentled the Civil Government One of the next things we longed for, and looked after was to advance Learning, and perpetuate it to Posterity dreading to leave an illiterate Ministery to the Churches, when our present Ministers shall lie in in the Dust.And as wee were thinking and consulting how to effect this great Work it pleased God to stir up the heart of one Mr. Harvard . . . Document F Source Roger Williams, A Plea for Religious Liberty, 1644. God requireth not a uniformity of religion to be enacted and enf orced in any civil state which enforced uniformity sooner or later is the greatest occasion of civil war, ravishing of conscience, persecution of Christ Jesus in his servants, and of the hypocrisy and destruction of millions of souls. 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 5- 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Document G Source Nathaniel Ward, The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam, 1647. He that is willing to tolerate any religion, or discrepant way of religion, besides his own, unless it be in matters merely indifferent, either doubts of his own or is not sincere in it. . . . That state that will give liberty of conscience in matters of religion, must give liberty of conscience and conversation in their moral laws, or else the muck about will be out of tune, and nigh of the strings crack. Document H Source John Cotton, Limitation of Government, 1655.Let all the world learn to give mortal(a) men no gr eater world-beater than they are content they shall use for use it they will. And unless they be better taught of God, they will use it ever and anon. . . . No man would think what desperate deceit and wickedness there is in the hearts of men. It is therefore most wholesome for magistrates and officers in church and commonwealth never to affect more liberty and authority than will do them good, and the people good for whatever transcendent power is given will certainly infest those that give it and those that receive it. . . It is therefore fit for every man to be studious of the bounds which the Lord hath set and for the people, in whom fundamentally all power lies, to give as much power as God in His word gives to men. . . . So let there be due bounds setand I may apply it to families it is good for the wife to acknowledge all power and authority to the husband . . . And so for children and servants, or any other you are to deal with give them liberty and authority you would hav e them use, and beyond that stretch not the tether it will not tend to their good nor yours. 2010 The College Board.Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -6- 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Document I Source Robert Keayne, in his last will and testament, 1653. My account books . . . testify to the world on my behalfe that I have not lived an idle, lazie or dronish life nor spent my time wantonly, fruitlessly or in company keeping as some have beene too ready to asperse criticize me or that I have had in my whole time either in Old England or New, legion(predicate) spare houres to spend unprofitably away or to refreshe myself with recreations . . but have rather studyed and endeavored to redeeme my time as a thing most deare and precyous to me and have much denyed myself in much(prenominal) refreshings that otherwise I might lawfully have made use of. Document J Source John Higginson, The Cause of God and His Peop le in New England, 1662. My Fathers and Brethren, this is never to be forgotten that New England is originally a plantation of Religion, not a Plantation of Trade. Let merchants and such as are increasing Cent per Cent remember this. . . . that worldly gain was not the end and designe of the people of New England, but Religion.END OF DOCUMENTS FOR QUESTION 1 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -7- 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS UNITED STATES HISTORY SECTION II Part B and Part C (Suggested total preparation and writing time70 minutes) Percent of Section II score55 Part B Directions contract ONE question from this part. You are advised to spend 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing your answer. Cite relevant historical evidence in support of your generalizations and present your arguments clearly and logically. 2.Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United Sta tes victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 17751783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 18451861. 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. -8- 2010 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Part C Directions Choose ONE question from this part. You are advised to spend 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing your answer.Cite relevant historical evidence in support of your generalizations and present your arguments clearly and logically. 4. Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive date reforms from the 1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following. Politics Social conditions Labor and working conditions 5. Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the pe riod 19451985. Suburbanization The growth of the Sun Belt Immigration to the United States STOP END OF EXAM 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web www. collegeboard. com. -9-

Margin Call Essay

J. C. Chandlers 2011 film Margin Call examines the actions of an investment firms key decision makers during the early stages of the most recent financial crisis. Chandler does a good job with the characters of this movie he isnt necessarily looking for a villain in a mess like this nor any lengthy explanations hes going deeper than that. He goes more for societal costs of high finance, the power of self-rationalization, and the easy hug of personal corruption.The movie is filled with business lessons that go beyond the investment world. One theme of the film centers on business ethics and whether personal elicit should trump customer/employee investment. Clearly, the decision make by John Tuld and senior management demonstrates that everybody is out for themselves. Personal investors are at the mercy of the individuals and the firms they invest with. The unbosom with which Tuld makes his decisions is scary to any business ethical viewer.With unqualified statements such as, its j ust money the audience begins to understand that the financial system layabout be an dirty game. In contrast Peters boss, Sam Rogers ethical implications of how the company plans to resolve its problems are almost more than he can handle. Sam stumbles upon the be intimate triggering the crisis, its one thing to be shocked at the ramifications of whats about to unfold. But it doesnt mean ones outrage cant be set aside when personal survival is on the line, an attitude that he quietly maintains but isnt afraid to tap when the collect arises.Moral ethics are thrown out the window in order to salvage a firm that has taken on too ofttimes risk in order to increase profits and inflate employee earnings. Management is willing to do whatever it takes to save themselves and protect their personal assets. This includes liquidating entire departments, and downfall the integrity of their own employees careers in the process. This film had several big ethical messages from it. In addition, thither were many smaller points and messages the film showed.One in particular was the way that the employers used an employees entitlements as leverage to coerce them into doing what the enterprise requires. However, things such as stock options, pensions, bonus promises, and health care plans are manifestly paper assets. The promise that stands behind them can be broken and that paper is completely worthless at the order of those employers or in other words, blackmail. ethics never loses its relevance.It must be told and retold as, too often, the mportant lessons that it imparts individuals and institutions unwillingly set aside. Ethical lapses can lead and have led to the irrevocable damage of a firm, its employees and clients. If there are any ethics in the business world, the companys plan for survival is unethical. But in a world that lacks options, there is entirely winning and losing. Some of the characters struggle with the little emotional and psychological life they have left. But their choice basically comes down to money or no money.One thing that we must remember from this film is not just the ethical decisions made by the upper management but who is affected by these choices made by upper management. The most damaging fallout from all this is on those who didnt see any of this coming, mostly the investors and the firms employees. Those who had the least involvement in all this mess are hurt the most in terms of financial losses. Even if it may seem like the employees society was limited, they are nevertheless part of all of it, just by the inherent connectedness to the overall whole.Just because they werent the ones making the decisions doesnt mean the decisions made by upper management wont hurt them. This film is a reminder that business and moral ethics can easily be lost in the shuffle when billions of dollars and entire companies are at stake. Tuld is willing to kill the market to protect his interest, without concern for the companys investors or even out the strength of the global economy. When money is no longer an issue, you lose all concern for the individuals who do not hold the same viewpoint.

Comparative Literature in an Age of Globalization

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN AN AGE OF GLOBALIZATION Utrecht University The bylaws of the Ameri dissolve Comparative Literature Association stipulate the writ-ing any ten age of a penning on the state of the discipline. The posit collection Comparative Literature in an Age of Globalization represents the latest in the series and is a follow up to Charles Bernheimers Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism (1994). The structural similarities betwixt the two championships, with their repetition of Comparative Literature in the age of is striking, and I will corne back toit.The nineteen essays in the collection have been written by a team of eminent scholars and they respond not only to Bernheimers collection and to the general theme of globalization but as well to each other(a). The resuit is an enkindle series of kaleidoscopic interventions, some highly readable and wrench lots of punch others less user-friendly and, in attempting to arise to the occasion, somew hat convoluted and over-written.Granted the report is a precise awkward genre for which there ar no rules and, given this need to improvise, the editer Haun Saussy has made a good job of providing a nuanced and multiperspectival account of the state of the discipline. It would have enhanced the impact of the present volume, however, had it been at times less an inward looking colloquy among seniors and more(prenominal) inviting to the as-yet not initiated graduate student.As it is, it makes very interesting reading for the diehard senior section of staff (and presumably the members of the ACL A) while being less accessible to the future scholar or to those go awaying in other disciplines and interested in purpose disclose what Comparative Literature stands for, where it is going to, and why it might be important. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Litterature Comparee CRCL DECEMBER 2008 DECEMBRE RCLC 0319-051708/35. 4/353 Canadian Comparative Lit erature Association 54/ CRCL DECEMBER 2008 DECEMBRE RCLC ANN RIGNEY COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN AN AGE OF GLOBALIZATION/ 355 A survey attempting to do justice to the complexness of an academie field and what is at issue in it, almost inevitably leaves the reviewer less with a single leaning than with a variety of perspectives on a variety of issues (on among other things, the grandness of historical approaches, the value of hit the books of graphie novels and other visual forms alongside texts the nature of comparative belles-lettres as a metadiscipline or exploratory space).So what is really surprising nigh this collection, then, is the degree of convergence that it nevertheless manifests. To begin with, the majority of contributors do address some issue within the massive frame of globalization fetching their eue from the substantial introductory essay by Saussy, himself a specialist in Chinese literature.Where the 1994 report focused on questions of the boundaries between l iterature and other cultural expressions, ten years later the main emphasis here is on themes that are in many ways more traditionalistic within the multilingual field of comparative literature the concept of population literature or literatures of the realness and how best to teach it (David Damrosch and Katie Trumpener provide interesting solutions) the cultural role of translation and its status as a medium in teaching and look into (Steven Ungar) the nature of comparison itself and the grounds upon which texts or movements from contrary cultural and linguistic traditions, even from contrary periods, may usefully be compared with each other and if indeed, as Emily Apter argues following Alain Badiou, if grounds for comparison are ever needed the future role of (East) European literature and theory within the much larger body of world literature now congruous obtainable (Caryl Emerson). Even Marshall Browns enthusiastic celebration of the close reading of particular text s, using the example of Effi Briest, reflects the concern with globalization the very fabric of Effis provincial disembodied spirit is woven through, as Brown shows, with the impact of more distant and general developments.Such concerns suggest that we are witnessing the return of Comparative Literature to its origins as the inter-cultural and multilingual study of literature. As if to con-firm this, the polyglossic Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Literatur established by Hugo Meltzl de Lomnitz in 1877 is cited on more than one occasion as the foundational text of the discipline (rather than say, the Russian Formalists programme for a general literary science as promoted among others by Rene Wellek). The phrase return to origins might seem at first sight a merely orthodox retreat to older positions, but re-engaging with roads taken earlier in comparatism is not a symptom in this case of burnout.Instead, the present concern with intercultural and interlinguistic comparatism as the ba sis for the common pursuit of literary studies represents not just a return, but excessively a revitalization a return to a well-established tradition that had been marginalized as long as other theoretical formations, taking a more universalist approach to literary texts, dominated the academie study of literatures, as they did from the 60s on. but it also represents a revitalization and expansion of this tradition at a time when globalized communication networks, intercultural exchanges and human mobility are such dominant features of our lives, some of the traditional concerns of comparative literature a la Meltzl de Lomnitz and Paul van Tieghem among others have become relevant in new ways and have the possibility of taking central stage in the field of literary studies at large.Ail of this is good news for those who continue to want to disengage the study of literature from the inevitable parochialism of the fracture language departments and who are committed to the study of literature as a trans-national medium that has long been crossing bordersbefore ever the term globalization was invented some(prenominal) in the original and in the form of translations. The report thus bespeaks confidence in the Comparatist project and a certain excitement at the sense that literature has become an even richer domain now that we in the West are becoming belatedly aware of the variety of literatures in the world and, thanks to work done in the last years to make it more accessible in the form of anthologies, a little better equipped to talk about nonEuropean literatures.As several contributors point out, the success of comparatist concerns in the field of literary studies at large along with the more general acceptance of translation as a legitimate medium for teaching, may mean that Departments of Comparative Literature as such may become less distinctive. The even greater risk is also there that the inter-linguistic and inter-cultural aims of the Comparatist proj ect may end up being reduced to the derivative study of literatures of the world through the monolingual filter of a globalizing English. For globalization, of course, is incessantly double-edged while providing a greater awareness of cultural diversity it also tends to reduce that diversity by the very fact that it makes elaborations more widely accessible in an homogenizing lingua franca.Given this downside of globalization, the distinctive aims of Comparative Literature as the multilingual study of literature have become ail the more urgent. As the present collection demonstrates, however, the traditional demand that students of Comparative Literature be at home in three (European) languages is no longer enough for the designate at hand. More language skills are needed. But since there are presumably also limits to the number of languages any individual scholar can master, there is new need for different forms of collaboration between specialists in various fields-a point imp lied by a number of contributors, though not extensively thema-tized in the present collection.Indeed, given this need for collaborative projects, the core of Comparative Literature may no longer be in a particular disciplinarity (i. e. that it is carried out by individuals who are skilled in various languages, though hopefully these people will continue to exist) but in its function as a platform for research and teaching the fact that it brings together scholars who are committed to exploring in a collaborative way the cross-currents and exchanges between literatures written in different languages across the world at different periods. This report on the state of the discipline thus gives not only food for thought but also reasons for confidence.Nevertheless, it also leaves me with some niggling doubts about the very way in which we as literary scholars think about our work. My concern centres on the generic title Comparative Literature in the age of The problem lies not so much in the epochal tone, suggesting as it does that in the course of 10 years we have moved from the age of multiculturalism to that of globalization (as if mul- 356/ CRCL DECEMBER 2008 DECEMBRE RCLC ANN RIGNEY COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN AN AGE OF GLOBALIZATION/ 357 ticulturalism were someway no longer relevant or globalization a new thing). The problem is more with the implicit assumption that one should define the state of the discipline by looking at ils sexual likeness to the age around it as if it should be its mirror.Behind this conceptualization lies, of course, the legacy of Matthew Arnold and the belief that criticisms main task is to provide knowledge, not so much of literature as such, as of the world itself as this is represented or reflected through literature. Comparative Literature in the age of bespeaks this grand commitment to be the conscience of the world and to interpret the best that has been thought in it. This continues to be a self-evident aim within literary studies. Hence the ongoing selfsearching about what is the proper object of study fuelled by the belief that the choice of object (world literature, literatures of the world, popular fiction or highly regarded works of literature) involves an ethical decision about what is relevant at the present time or in the present world.With our present global perspective and our awareness that there is more to literature than the canon of European classics, that material task has become an even heavier one and the way to its realization more fraught by the need to select carefully. Far be it from me to trivialize the importance of cultural criticism or a commitment to seeking out interesting literary phenomena to study above more banal ones. Nevertheless, there is something paradoxically ostrich-like about the ways in which Comparative Literature defines itself in sexual relation to the world around it and in relation to the age as a whole. The very moral authority accorded to literature i s also a throw-back to a time when literature (vide Arnold) was the dominant cultural form.But for ail its ostensible worldliness, the present collection arguably puts its head in the sand when it cornes to the changing status of literature in the highly mediated world in which we live and where globalization has been effectuated more plain through the medium of television, film, popular music and internet than it has through literature. In paying so much attention to world literature and how it should be specify and taught (in itself a really positive development) the collection nevertheless succeeds in ignoring the fact that literatures relation to the world, and its place in the world, has fundamentally changed. More precisely, it ignores the interface between literature and other media, and between literature and other forms of knowledge at the present time. In raising this point, I do not mean to uggest that we should ail barf the study of literature in favor of looking at ot her media (a pos-sibility raised briefly by Malti-Douglas), for that would be to perpetuate the belief that literary studies is somehow a super-discipline that provides the conscience for the humanities and has a responsibility for ail of culture. Rather it is an argument in favor of reconsidering the changing relations between literature and other cultural media, and the impact both in the past and in the present of new technologies and changing literacies on the very possibilities we have for expression and interpretation. It is also an argument for considering new forms of collaboration with specialists in other fields of culture. In other words, the next challenge is to conceive of literary studies itself from a comparative perspective, that is, in relation to other forms of knowledge about culture and media.In the last decades, certainly in Europe, media studies have been institutionalized and have been providing increasing competition for literary studies both when it comes to attracting students and to attracting research funding. The question which needs to be addressed, sooner rather than 10 years down the line, is how to reposition comparative literary studies in relation to these adjacent fields. In the first place, this will mean becoming more modest accepting the fact that writing and reading are just one form of culture among other, albeit the one with the longest history and about which there is the greatest body of knowledge (here we should be much less modest).It will also involve becoming more pro-active as we define more clearly, and become once again surprised by the magic of language in its various manifestations, what literature can and can not achieve (Jonathan Cullers intervention hints in this direction). Instead perhaps of soul-searching continuously about the identity of Comparative Literature in relation to the set of objects (world literature, counter-canons, etc) and in relation to the age as a whole, we need to look outside the d iscipline and accept that there is an outside. Hopefully the next report will focus less on the state of the discipline as seen from within and be more specific about what we have to offer the world of learning at large.