The most Important Legacy of Reformation for us Today Essay

The most Important Legacy of Reformation for us Today - Essay Example The protestant reformation started in Europe in the early sixteenth century1. The works of Martin Luther King’s activities that he carried out in the late fifteenth century informed the reforms. During such times, it was evident in the Roman Catholic Church that the pope had the powers to sale of penance letters to people following the fact that he was deficient of the authority to forgive sins. In those days, the priest was highly regarded more important than any other person. Therefore, anything that he did was highly regarded as of moral right and was subject to no rejection or question. In this regard, the Catholic Church considered priests more than other considered other people. Following the ever questionable issues noticed by Luther regarding the practice of the pope, Luther advocated for provision of the Bible to everyone to read for themselves. It is due to such ill beliefs and practice that forced Martin Luther to call an end to such practices. He gained many follow ers in various countries by inspiring many religious reformers to break away from the Catholic Church and develop their own ideas. ... The reformations led to various religious wars that was termed the Thirty Years War. Christians believe in the ability of God to forgive sins since he has the power to do so. However, the notion that a person can influence God to forgive another is misleading. It is the idea of forgiveness of sins as well as the massive power accorded to the pope that led to the call to reformation. Reformation is an important aspect of human life. It is of crucial importance to highlight that different reformation always follow quests of justice with regards to certain matters that affect humanity. As such, people may always engage in protests with the hope of correcting a wrong where necessary. Such issues that always bring notable protests that mark the beginnings of reformations always arise from several sources. A major factor that may push for reformation may involve political factors. This may be evident where certain issues are considered oppressive to the general wellbeing of humanity. In ad dition, several protests championing for reforms may follow differences in religious views. As such, several religious societies may collude and strongly oppose a wrongdoing that may be evident in the society. Major reformations in history came with regards to the Roman Catholic church. The church in earlier days had several provisions and guidelines hat majority of followers considered oppressive. Such did not marry well with their beliefs and the faith they had in Christianity. Majority of such issues were being steered forth by the people of high ranks in the church. Such issues were considered oppressive to the faith and beliefs that were maintained by the faithful. This brought forth major reforms in

The Red Convertible Essay Example for Free

The Red Convertible Essay In Louise Erdrichs short story, The Red Convertible, she portrays the change that war imposes on the relationship of two brothers, Henry and Lyman. She uses symbolism to reveal the hardships Henry brings back from Vietnam, and she also uses it to show how Lyman dealt with the separation and the effect of the war on his brother. Edrich’s main purpose in â€Å"The Red Convertible† is to communicate the emotional afflictions war has on a soldier and his or her relationships through symbolism. Throughout the story Edrich uses the red convertible as the main symbol in the story because the red convertible symbolizes Henry and Lyman’s friendship. At the beginning of the story, the brothers use all their money to purchase a red Oldsmobile which they shared. They went everywhere together in the red Oldsmobile. They used the Oldsmobile to travel to Canada and around the continent together. In this part of the story the convertible represented the fun and extreme closeness of their relationship before the war. When Henry is drafted and goes to war, their relationship changes and Lyman demonstrates their separation by taking the car apart. When Henry returns from the war he is a scarred and changed man; he loses his usual interest in the convertible, as well as in Lyman and their friendship. Lyman bangs the car up, as a result of being neglected by Henry. The car portrays the banged up relationship he feels between his brother and himself. When Henry sees and realizes that the car, as well as his relationship with Lyman is damaged, he confronts Lyman. When I left, that car was running like a watch. Now I dont even know if I can get it to start again, let alone get it anywhere near its old condition (pg397). When Henry expresses this concern about bringing the car back to its old condition Erdrich uses symbolism here to express the concerns soldiers have regarding the future of their relationships after war. They fear things will never be the same or even worse, that the relationship itself will become one of the many casualties of war. When Henry starts fixing the convertible, it also represents the repair of his relationship with his brother. After he finishes fixing the car, he asks Lyman to go for a ride with him, which causes Lyman to believe their relationship has been fixed right along with the car. Lyman realizes that their relationship isn’t fixed like he believed it was when Henry jumps into the lake and drowns. Lyman knows he will never see his brother again, so he runs the convertible into the river. Now the red convertible is gone forever, along with his and Henry’s relationship. Now Henry owns the whole car, and his younger brother walks everywhere he goes (pg398). Erdrich connects the death of Henry with the death of the convertible and with the death of his relationship with Lyman. She uses this symbolism to represent how relationships are affected by war. Their relationships start out healthy, and then going to war transforms them; they hope to return to normalcy, but in the end, the war destroys the soldiers as well as their relationships with the people they know and love. Erdrich uses her short story to make a statement that the Vietnam War did not just have a horrendous effect on the soldiers who participated in it, but also on the people who knew them before the war. She depicts a more realistic view of war by showing soldiers for what they really are, human beings with emotions and who are ultimately damaged because of war. Erdrich’s use of symbolism brings her audience the understanding that war affects more than just the soldier. Much like death it affects everyone and everything the soldier is involved in. Work Cited Edrich, Louise. â€Å"The Red Convertible. †

Evelyn Glennie :: essays research papers

Evelyn Glennie Evelyn Glennie is a true musician. There are a lot of people out there that want to do what she did, and what she’s still doing, but frankly not many people are willing to put that much effort and time into achieving what she has. Not to mention that almost everyone lacks the talent. Evelyn hopes that the audience will be stimulated by what she has to say (through the language of music) and will therefore leave the concert hall feeling entertained. That is true musicianship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now is the time that I should start spouting off all of her amazing achievements, but if I attempted that not only would I get bored writing a list that long, but also you would get bored trying to read one. Plus I would most likely go far over the 750 required words for this essay. But I suppose it is necessary to mention a few of her many antecedents. For the first ten years of her career essentially every performance Evelyn gave was in some way a first. The first time an orchestra had performed with a percussion soloist, the first solo percussion performance at a venue or festival or the world premiere of a new percussion concerto. Evelyn has performed in approximately 42 countries. Evelyn was the first full time solo percussionist in the world. Evelyn has recorded 18 albums and is still working on more. At the age of 19 Evelyn graduated from the Royal Academy of Music. In 1991 Evelyn's autobiography 'Good Vibrations' was published and reprinted in 1995. In 1993 'Good Vibrations' was published in Japanese. Yes Evelyn has lived an extraordinary life. She was born in Aberdeen, Scotland. And she went to school at Ellon Academy, Scotland. Her Conservatoire is The Royal Academy of Music, London. But I am making her sound she has always been this percussionist goddess whose whole life has been dedicated to her career. In some ways, though, she is just like you or me. As a child, Evelyn played the mouth organ and the clarinet. When she was a teenager, Evelyn wanted to be a hairdresser. But now she is very much a percussionist goddess who personally owns over 1800 instruments and in a live performance can use up to approximately 60 instruments. One of the most amazing things about Evelyn is that she is legally deaf. It’s never been a big deal for Evelyn though; to her it’s like the fact that she has brown hair or brown eyes.

Cause and Effect of Cigarette Smoking

It is mandatory for this message to be printed on every pack because of how serious the effects of smoking are and how easy it is to become addicted to smoking them. There are millions of campaigns and advertisements against cigarette smoking communicating to the world that this terrible habit causes many illnesses ultimately leading to death. But a threat to health obviously does not seem to be a good enough reason for people to quit anymore, people somehow block this important information and ignore all of the possible consequences they are facing themselves with when they continue to smoke. The purpose of this essay is to discuss some of the many effects of cigarette smoking, including the broadly mentioned possibility of developing cancer or dying. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. Cigarette smoking is directly responsible for 87 percent of lung cancer cases in the United States annually. Both non small cell lung cancer and small lung cancer can be caused by cigarette smoking, cigar smoking and second hand smoke. It can be difficult to diagnosis lung cancer early because the symptoms often do not present themselves aggressively until the disease is in advanced stages, which puts people in an even worse situation. If cancer is found, the doctor will take the time to do some staging which is determining whether it has spread to other parts of the body such as the brain or bones. One of the stages is referred to as Stage 0 non-small cell lung cancer which is also called carcinoma. It is the earliest stage that lung cancer can typically be detected but unfortunately for people bound to consume this cancer, it is rarely found at this stage, and when it is, it is normally an incidental finding when testing is done for some other reason. Lung cancer should be completely curable at this stage, meaning not in all cases. With that being said, many people with stage 0 lung cancer, have or will develop second primary cancers. 20 percent of all deaths from heart disease in the United States are directly related to cigarette smoking. The heart is the most important organ in the body, pumping blood, life-giving oxygen and nutrients to all tissues of the body. If the pumping action of the heart becomes inefficient, vital organs like the brain and kidneys suffer, like a chain reaction. Death will occur within minutes if the heart stops working altogether. It is astonishing how life itself is completely dependent on the efficient operation of the heart and people still decide to take up the habit of smoking, leading to this disease. There are many kinds of heart disease, each of them affecting the heart in several ways, one of them being coronary artery disease which is directly related to smoking. Coronary artery disease is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, creating blockages in the vessels that nourish the heart itself. Atherosclerosis occurs when the arteries become clogged and narrowed, restricting blood flow, ultimately starving the heart of oxygen and other vital nutrients it depends on to work properly. Lungs become damaged due to reactions to irritants entering the airways and alveoli and lead to emphysema. The major cause of emphysema is smoking. When people are exposed to cigarette smoke, the air sacs of the lungs create defensive cells known as macrophages, which eat the inhaled particles. Macrophages are stimulated to release materials which can destroy the proteins that allow the lungs to expand and contract, called collagen. This causes difficulty for a person to exhale so the next breath taken is started with more air in the lungs. The trapped old air takes up space so the alveoli, tiny air sacs in lungs, are unable to fill with enough fresh air to supply the body with the appropriate oxygen. This causes someone to be short of breath and diminishes the ability to properly exhale. Will all of the information provided in the world and all of the advertisement including the warning posted on every pack of cigarettes against the use of these harmful vises, you would think we would have less smokers, but that is incorrect. You would also assume that with all the damage that comes with smoking over the years, including death; that we would have fewer smokers, but again, that is incorrect. People still insist on putting themselves in harm’s way and continue to be smokers.

International Data Communications Essay

Just like in end terminal / customer premise equipment (CPE) distribution, countries in European countries experience new applications and data services relatively in the same time with other regions like Asia and North America (USA and Canada). Figure 1 shows the current figure of telephone users in the world based on regions. Figure 1 Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants (1994 -2004) Source: ITU. â€Å"The Digital Divide at a glance. † 2005. Retrieved December 10, 2007 from http://www.itu. int/wsis/tunis/newsroom/stats/ In terms of mobile service penetration rates, Europe is the leader since it currently composes of more than 570 million mobile subscribers and a mobile penetration of over 70%. It leaves other regions behind in mobile penetration rate in which Africa only accounts for 9%, America records 42%, and 19% in Asia Pacific. The high penetration rate has put mobile subscribers in Europe to surpass those in fixed phone lines. This situation also holds true for data communication in the region in which according to ITU (2005), the region has penetration rate above 50%, especially in Western Europe while the rest past of the region only records 20% of Internet penetration rate. However, like its Asian counterparts, some countries in Europe also experiences uneven users since in Russia, for instances, vast majority of subscribers located in large urban centers. 1. M-Commerce: Opportunities and Challenges Moreover, the advancement of telecommunications and internet technologies has created new model of commerce, the borderless commerce or e-commerce. The terminology refers to cross-nations or even cross-continents trade and commerce. This development goes further as Internet is accessible not only via desktop computers but also via mobile devices like PDAs and mobile phones. The benefit of using mobile commerce (m-commerce) is attractive. Say, a woman is shopping at a mall and decides to buy some clothes. Unfortunately, when she is at a cahier, she finds that her debit card has no enough balance to pay the clothes or her credit cards are out of limit. In this situation, she called her husband to transfer some money to her account. Although her husband is in a meeting that is far from a bank, he is still able to do the fund transfer by using his mobile phone and log into a bank’s mobile portal. Finally, in few minutes, the woman’s bank account has enough balance to pay the clothes. Similarly, mobile phones can also act as a virtual debit card when it is used as a payment method for vending machines. The method of this transaction is by sending sms (short message services) from users’ mobile phones and typing the short number that is displayed in the vending machines. When the server of the vending machines received this sms, they ask the telecommunication carrier to deduct some amount of money from the person’s prepaid balance or to add a transaction into his next billing statement.

American education reform

American education reform The vision for all children, regardless of their societal setting, should be to receive meaningful education that prepares them for responsibilities, opportunities and challenges that lie ahead, in order to have a significant impact in not only their societies, but also the international economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American education reform specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is for this reason that the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and their affiliates continue to push for Common Core State Standards (CCSS), though their efforts lack the support of policy makers, who are fixated on the use of standardized tests for the purpose of accountability. Following the enactment of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in 2001, more attention was given to fulfilling the needs of students by employing CCSS and assessments to evaluate student and school performance. However, this system left educators as the only par ty responsible for the performance of students and schools, while policy makers set out to increase the number of standardized tests administered to students as a way to benchmark their performance levels and set prerequisites for graduation or promotion. Educators acknowledge the importance of measuring student learning through the appropriate use of standardized testing and logical accountability measures, though they continue to assert that there should be proper balance between teaching and testing. As such, reforming the American education system requires a lot of work to be done, beyond the administration of regular assessments, through professional development, aligned curriculum, and access to resources for educators to advance their knowledge and collaboration efforts. One of the requirements of the NCLB is the administration of standardized testing in all 50 states on an annual basis for all students above the third grade. These tests are motivated by the notion that stude nts will feel increased pressure to perform well, owing to the eventual reward or punishment, which will then increase their learning and achievement. The use of tests is vital for monitoring student learning, but the current accountability system under the NCLB Act has brought about serious implications including: reduced attention to critical elements of the curriculum that are not mandated to accountability testing, compromise of student learning time to test preparation and testing, and the shift of educators attention to attaining a minimum score as opposed to gaining knowledge. Popham (11) claims that the use of a test-based accountability system is rational since it provides educators with a means to assess the comprehension level of their students, though the absolute reliance on this strategy obstructs proper teaching and learning.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lu nenburg (2) argues that high-stakes testing does not increase student learning. Instead, it interferes with student motivation and narrows the curriculum as teachers provide instruction based on the appropriate response to test questions. This is done at the expense of vital skills traditionally provided in schools, including problem solving, critical thinking and group work. In the last decade, the time spent on test preparation and testing has increased drastically, in similar proportion to the lost instructional time and additional testing expenses. Proponents of more testing argue that the improved rate of student achievement, owing to additional tests, outweigh the extra costs of testing or money paid to testing companies, and fail to realize that the increase in number of ‘bubble students’, or those whose scores are concentrated at the minimum score, compromises the development of every student’s full potential (Nelson 8). There are different kinds of asses sments administered in schools including those mandated by the state and those developed at the district level, though the recent focus on data reporting and analysis has made all assessments high-stakes assessments with implications for students, schools and teachers. State tests mandated by NCLB are aimed at determining whether the students are satisfying state standards on an annual basis, and are administered in the spring to sum up the school year. The test scores are then compared to those of previous years in order to determine the effectiveness of a school. However, Lunenburg (3) argues that the use of a single summative test score to assess student achievement is flawed as it does not reflect on the progress of the students. A study performed by Nelson on two mid-sized urban school districts revealed that students in grade 3 to 10 spend between 20 and 50 hours every year taking high-stake tests, and an additional 60-110 hours preparing for those tests. In addition, an estim ated cost of $6.15 for every lost instructional hour translated to an annual testing cost of about $700 per students. However, this study did not take into consideration a variety of other time and testing costs including: cost of test prep materials, the teacher’s non-classroom time spent preparing the test, time and cost of special education testing, cost of preparing hardware and technology for testing, and time spent on data reporting and analysis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American education reform specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other costs not incorporated in the study are those pertaining to time spent by students on quizzes or teacher-made tests, and the time spent on assessing homework and grading tests (Nelson). Nonetheless, Nelson (27) observed that the scrutiny of current testing policy, in regard to budgetary costs, would spark policymakers to consider alternative uses of teacher and stud ent time, like allocating more time to non-test subjects in the curriculum. According to the study performed by Nelson, the abolishment of testing would free up between 20 and 40 minutes in every school day for most grades, and in some cases, add an entire class period for students in grades 6-11. Furthermore, it would be possible to relocate about $100 of the amount used on every student for testing to buy instructional programs or provide technology. According to Nelson (28), reducing the time and costs of testing by even half of the current levels would still produce considerable benefits to the learning school day, and create funds for the preparation of tests that are better suited to enhance knowledge acquisition, and even increase the access of teachers, students and parents to valuable resources and information. In the recent past, different states have started to acknowledge the pleas of educators to focus less on excess-testing and more on imparting meaningful knowledge. T he Texas legislature, for instance, decided to slice the amount of high school end-of-course mandated exams for graduation from fifteen to five. On a similar note, the New York Orchard Park Central School District proposed that the 2013 state assessments be used in evaluating the progress of the state in introducing the CCLS, as opposed to assessing the performance of students or the effectiveness of educators (Popham). According to Popham, the level of poverty in the communities where various schools are situated does not serve as an indicator for the quality of education or instruction that occurs in the classroom, but has the largest impact on the variation of test scores from one institution to the other. Besides the amount of wealth in the community where a school is located, the resources available in that school also affect its performance and test scores; hence the distinction in the scores of Beverly Hills’ schools and those in Birmingham. Using test scores to evalua te teachers is erroneous since the scores of the students are only partly dependent on the kind of education that they receive. These scores are also a reflection of the interference of the community on the student’s education, long before the child interacted with the teacher in the classroom (Popham).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The results obtained from high-stakes tests inform the state of the resources available in a school, and the socioeconomic status of the community, but not about the quality of education provided within those schools. If standardized tests continue to be administered, the outcomes of those tests should be provided to parents, teachers, school districts, and other relevant parties for accountability purposes instead of using them for research and intricate systems for evaluating schools and teachers (Lunenburg). In addition, the purpose of testing should be to enhance instructions offered to students and assist in improving schools, rather than to sanction, punish and shut down schools. It is not rational to issue tests to students for the sole purpose of determining the impact that their educators have on imparting knowledge. A measure of achievement should be one of the components used when assessing the school. Nelson (31) suggests that state and school districts should evaluate t he cost implications of the entire testing and assessment systems employed in typical school districts, including the cost and time for test preparation and lost instructional time. Nelson also proposes the incorporation of support measures to enhance the evaluation literacy of teachers that is required for improving and employing classroom assessments, as well as the appropriate utilization and interpretation of formal tests. It would then be the responsibility of the state to hold teachers accountable for employing the best assessment practices. It is important that all parties concerned with testing students to determine their progress or check teacher and school effectiveness to streamline their processes. To achieve this, school districts should include educators in the evaluation of testing systems to establish their usefulness in improving teaching, and in so doing, abolish any assessments that are not meaningful. In the effort to promote student knowledge acquisition, it may also be advisable to either reduce or abolish interim testing since they have no useful impact in promoting the teaching process. Nelson claims that these tests are exceedingly complicated, confusing, and do not reflect the state standards, but instead lead to an increase in â€Å"bubble students† and mediocrity. While in this process, it may also be advisable to do away with redundant, obsolete state tests and establish Common Core assessments designed by PARCC (Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers) or SBAC (Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium) as the only state-mandated assessments. In conclusion, teachers should embark on processes that allow them to drastically reduce the time spent on assessment preparation and benchmark testing. This can be achieved by shifting their focus from administering old tests to gaining new skills and knowledge that is vital for executing the Common Core standards in a setting that does not motivate learning throu gh the promise of reward and punishment. Another way to save on time and costs is to embed assessments in instructional materials. This can be achieved through challenging tasks and projects that require students to engage at their own pace, and use brief tests to check their comprehension in the course of the training schedule. Lunenburg, Fred C. America’s Obsession with Student Testing: Costs in Money and Lost Instructional Time. International Journal f Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity 15.1 (2013): 1-4. Print. Nelson, Howard. Testing More, Teaching Less What America’s Obsession with Student Testing Costs in Money and Lost Instructional Time. Washington, D.C: American Federation of Teachers, 2013. Print. Popham, James. Classroom evidence of successful teaching, mastering assessment. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon, 2011. Print.

Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction

Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction This paper analyzes the article by Fatimah Al-Kathiri called â€Å"Beyond the Classroom Walls: Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction, Attitudes and Challenges† that was published in English Language Teaching journal in 2015.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author describes the research of the employment of a digital tool called Edmodo in order to enhance the learning of English language and tests the suitability and efficiency of Edmodo. The article’s title clearly reflects the focus and purpose of the research – to test the use of Edmodo in the classroom, mentions its location. The author explores a very popular subject use of the internet and digital technologies in the teaching process. Al-Kathiri starts with the establishment of the advantages of Edmodo confirmed by the researches of o ther scholars. These benefits include ability of the teacher and the students to interact beyond classroom, time saving possibility of sending and completing assignments online, and access to a variety of teaching methods and tools through the internet (Al-Kathiri, 2015). Describing the disadvantages of Edmodo, Al-Kathiri (2015) mentions the lack of the teachers’ computer skills, unavailability of fast internet connection and modern digital devices, negative impact on health, and absence of body language present in real life interaction. The results of Al-Kathiri’s research show that Edmodo is a useful tool for both teachers and students. Chada Kongchan presented a similar research. She tested the benefits and obstacles of the use of Edmodo in a Thai classroom. The main difference between the two works is that Al-Kathiri evaluates the results and impressions of the students, while Kongchan includes the teacher’s perceptions into the calculation of results, and t ests the difficulty of Edmodo adoption for a 57-year old educator (Kongchan, 2012).Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The introduction of the analyzed article is relevant as it explains what Edmodo is, how it works and why its applicability in education is studied. The conclusion sums up the findings and adds recommendations to the use of Edmodo in EFL, but does not mention the results of the research directly. The article demonstrates both positive and negative sides of the use of Edmodo, the aspects of its employment that challenged the learners and teachers the most. There is no biased interpretation of facts. The author makes a claim about the Theory of Constructivism developed by Vygotsky and connects the idea of collaborative problem –solving to the group work online (Al-Kathiri, 2015). The author emphasizes that Edmodo as well as other digital teaching tools employs social learning which makes them especially efficient. The claim is relevant and to the point. The vast majority of works cited by Al-Kathiri are reliable and recent, not older than 2000. Moreover, all of the sources referenced in the article are scholarly and reliable. Besides, the author refers to the works of the scholars of diverse background, not only the authors of Saudi Arabia. The only old source used dates back to 1984 and is included as the source of a definition of the concept of attitude, which practically does not make it unreliable. The article is well built and provides logical and clear research with explained purposes, results and findings. The study’s design includes introduction of the paper, exploration of the subject and its importance, description of the research process, presentation and discussion of the results. At the same time, I noticed a lot of misprints in the text of the article (missing spaces mainly). The research presented by A l-Kathiri is relevant and significant for the field of education. The presentation and calculations are made without major flaws or errors. Control group was created to measure the results. The sample of the research featured the secondary students of Saudi Arabian female school.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The methods it employs are questionnaire, quantitative and qualitative analysis. The experiment can be replicated by another scholar. Discussing the results, Al-Kathiri presents the before and after data in tables and analyzes the variables in each section comparing them with each other to determine the level of success of the use of Edmodo. The research collects statistics from 42 students and presents a specific sample of Edmodo’s efficiency in a particular group of learners, for wider statistics one is to co mpare the results of similar studies in other countries and among the learners of both sexes and different ages. The author’s research does not only prove the efficiency to the use of Edmodo in the classroom, but also reveals the major challenges to the implementation of changes such as small screens of devices or slow internet connection. I find it clever that the author posted both positive and negative responses of the participants considering Edmodo. Besides, the author uses a lot of references and quotes many similar researchers; this creates connectedness between her paper and all the other studies and emphasizes the importance and popularity of her subject. The aspect that confused me was the inclusion of â€Å"attitude towards EFL† scale into the questionnaire estimating advantages and disadvantages of Edmodo. In conclusion, the article by Al-Kathiri explores a significant issue of the integration of the modern technologies into the teaching process. The resear ch presented is reliable, careful and bias free. The sources the author relied on are valid, diverse, recent and scholarly. The research can be duplicated by another party willing to test the efficiency of Edmodo in EFL or any other discipline. Overall choice of subject is contemporary and important. Reference List Al-Kathiri, F. (2015). Beyond the Classroom Walls: Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction, Attitudes and Challenges. English Language Teaching, 8(1), 189-204.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kongchan, C. (2012). How a Non-Digital-Native Teacher Makes Use of Edmodo. ICT  for Language Learning (5th ed.). Retrieved from https://conference.pixel-online.net/

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ABOUT A PERSON

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ABOUT A PERSON Being mentioned a lot about descriptive type of essay, we would like to specifically focus on descriptive writing about a person. In this writing your will mention important characteristics that are interesting to the readers and will describe a person in particular. If you know the person, describe the characteristics that you admire about him/her. If you don’t, imagine that you know this person and focus on what you liked about that person in general. There are several ways to portray somebody in persuasive essay about a person. Talk about him in the context of his personal and career achievements. Be detailed about the persons story. You can write your essay as a persons description. Then focus on everything that will describe his character. Also, you essay can have an informative context. Write mostly interesting biography details about a person. Last but now least way is to present a narrative writing. For this matter imagine as if you are the described person and it will give you unique ideas of how to present the chosen person in you persuasive essay writing. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ABOUT A PERSON A strong accent of observation is needed for descriptive type of paper. We can write a perfect descriptive essay about a person for you upon your request. To give you more descriptive essay definition, observe the person and provide detailed descriptions about him or her. In this descriptive essay the supporting facts are vivid experiences that you decide to present as an author. Keep in mind that you have to focus on the subject that is strictly a description. You have the ability to show a certain experience, or interesting place, or thing, or a person, or specific memory episode. Â   When writing a descriptive essay, it is important to base it on certain experiences that you have perceived personally. But most of all, it is important to find that interesting points that made you to share this experience with others as an author. You message is your desire to share the initial experience with the readers for them to have a certain impression. Include standard senses descriptions such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound.

BSc Accounting Programme -- Management Accounting -- Absorption vs Essay

BSc Accounting Programme -- Management Accounting -- Absorption vs Marginal Costing - Essay Example more value at lower cost.† In absorption costing apart from the direct costs which are allocated to the cost centers and the units produced, indirect costs are apportioned to the cost centers and the units produced on equitable basis. In the marginal costing system, the fixed and variable costs are segregated for ascertaining the effect of changes in volume on profit. The marginal cost will be very useful in taking management decisions. There are advantages as well as disadvantages in both the types of costing techniques. But, it is important to note that a good cost accounting system will be useful in identifying the unprofitable activities in an organization and inefficiencies in the system in any form. Variance analysis made by using cost accounting will be useful in highlighting the deviations from the planned performance for taking suitable management action. Absorption costing or marginal costing is used depending upon the purpose of the management activities. Wherever material, labor and expenses could be identified with the cost centers they are directly allocated to them. Indirect materials, labor and expenses which could not be directly allocated to the cost centers are apportioned to the cost centers on equitable basis. â€Å"Full absorption costing is a costing method that accounts for all costs to the units produced by the activities of an organization through cost drivers.† (Galang-Manalo & Valenzuela-Manalo, 2011, 1.8.4) Materials, labor and expenses which do not form part of the finished products are known as indirect material, labor or expenses as the case may be. These are collectively called as overheads. The overheads are subdivided into production overheads, administration overheads, selling overheads and distribution overheads. Cost apportionment involves apportionment of the indirect costs to various cost centers on an equitable basis. For example, Works Managers salary needs to be apportioned to various departments such as

Ethical Dilemma Of Joe Darby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma Of Joe Darby - Essay Example The ethical dilemma of Joe Darby solved in terms of the ethics of care framework underlines that Darby's choice was an embodiment of his ethical background. The result of Darby’s decision turned into a vulnerable and threatening for his wife and himself. Darby wanted to become famous and he succeeded. On the one hand in the beginning of the story he wanted to stay unidentified, but finally, his name became renowned. Once he decided to air the ill-fated photos, he should have considered probable outcomes of his decision. In the framework of the ethics of care, the results of one’s choice were damaging and unhelpful to his family. In reference to laws of the ethics of care, which underline protecting the vulnerable and limiting damage when large forces collide. On the contrary, personal choice of Darby was guided by ethical issues. His own judgment of violation and atrocities at Abu Ghraib underlines the seriousness of his attitude to military oversight. Straightforward a ctions of Darby, who could have appealed to his command or who could have waited for a certain judgment from an international, make an emphasis on his personal disregard of American military system. Ideals instilled in him from the very beginning of his service were scattered off. Darby decided to initiate a struggle with injustice himself. Therefore, ethics of care can be applied to this ethical dilemma while it’s focused on individuality and his choice; the attention is the aid to the central place of individual interests in making choices.

Organisational Performance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Organisational Performance - Assignment Example Competitors, business managers, academicians, researchers and other observers constantly kept on asking the same question that what is the secret being Toyota’s impeccable success? The fact is that consistency and quality in Toyota’s vehicles, which also make it as the most trusted and reliable vehicle all over the world, is a direct result of the operational excellence that the company has achieved in the past few decades. In fact, Toyota has intelligently converted that operational excellence into their strategic weapon to outclass the competitors (Liker and Franz, 2011, p. 510).   Partly, this operational excellence is a result of frameworks, tools and approaches that it introduced in the manufacturing world, such as Kaizen, just-in-time manufacturing, once piece flow, Jidoka, Heijunka and others. These techniques also ended up providing Toyota a unique lean manufacturing system, which is discussed latter in the paper. Important here to understand is that mere appl ication of these frameworks and techniques is not what makes Toyota great but it is its continued success at employing these principles is what makes the difference. Toyota has indeed made them a part of its business philosophy, which also places great deal of importance on understanding their workers and their motivational dynamics (Simons, 2011, pp. 390-392).   This paper will briefly explore the strategies that Toyota employed to achieve this operational excellence. Many observers have cited this as the â€Å"The Toyota Way†.   ... s that mere application of these frameworks and techniques is not what makes Toyota great but it is its continued success at employing these principles is what makes the difference. Toyota has indeed made them a part of its business philosophy, which also places great deal of importance on understanding their workers and their motivational dynamics (Simons, 2011, pp. 390-392). This paper will briefly explore the strategies that Toyota employed to achieve this operational excellence. Many observers have cited this as the â€Å"The Toyota Way† or the â€Å"Toyota Production System† which would be the focal point of the paper. Discussion Much of the success that Ford and General Motors enjoyed in the US market during the early 1920s until the late 1950s was primarily because of their ability to use mass production system and leverage the economies of scale by producing as much as possible. On the other hand, Toyota emerged in the small Japanese market after the Second Worl d War where it could not employ the small techniques (Magee, 2008, p. 545; Shingo, et al., 1989, pp. 20-21). Instead, in order to satisfy the customer and their demands, the organisation had to be more flexible by creating the different automotives on the same production lines. This is where Toyota learned and made it its core flexibility to keep lead times shorter and be as flexible as possible. Furthermore, by watching the American counterparts and their mass production systems closely, Toyota realized that the system has the inherent disadvantage of providing too much waste, extra inventory and early wear and tear of the machines, all of which lead to greater costs and lesser efficiency (Vidler, 2001, pp. 226-228; May and Roberts, 2011, 52-53). When Toyota started penetrating into the American market,

The Biggest Issue Facing The American Correction System Research Paper

The Biggest Issue Facing The American Correction System - Research Paper Example The correctional system in the US continues to suffer serious problems that hamper its smooth operations. These problems include but not limited to; overcrowding, the radicalization of inmates, prisoners deviant behaviors, funding, litigation, negative coverage from the media, mental conditions affecting inmates, lack of staff morale from the prison officers, and lack of proper training of prison officers and guards (Cole, 2015). The radicalization of inmates has become a growing concern in the correctional system today. Members of organized gangs, terrorist groups, and religious sects are quietly and rapidly recruiting inmates into their outfits. The usage of contraband mobile phones inside the prisons is also a contributory factor. The proliferation of violence and other deviant behaviors in prisons is also a problem. It is estimated that about 60 percent of all incarcerated persons in the US is violent (Cole, 2015). This behavior leads to confrontations between inmates and officer s. Funding has also been highlighted as one of the bottlenecks the correctional system is facing. Federal budget cuts targeting the prison system affects programs such as staff training, consequently affecting job morale. However, overcrowding is the arguably the biggest issue affecting the American correctional system today. Overcrowding, of all issues bugging the prison system, has been cited as the biggest and most troubling. In the US today, over 2 million Americans and other foreign individuals have been incarcerated.

No-Fault Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

No-Fault Divorce - Essay Example In the first decade of this century the grown of divorce rates has reached almost epidemic proportions in the United States with as many as 12 million divorces registered over the 1990s which is the highest the developed world (Williams, 2000). Consequently, a number of experts view no-fault divorce as one of the key contributors to the increasingly high divorce rates in the US. Even brief analysis of the no-fault legislation and specifics of divorce granted under it suggests that such belief relies on solid evidence and might be absolutely correct: no-fault laws in their current form must be revised on the basis of sociological and legal experience that has been accumulated over the last three decades. The concept of no-fault divorce does not require demonstration of any proofs or evidences of wrong-doing to dissolve a marriage. The first state to adopt no-fault laws was California where they came in force on January 1, 1970. The example of California was soon followed by other states that implemented similar legislation. Prior to that, the procedure for obtaining a divorce involved mandatory provision of evidences demonstrating fault of one of the spouses. Requirements to the nature of such evidences were strict too. It was not sufficient to make a mere statement of not loving the spouse: only a proved case of committed adultery, wrongdoing, abandonment or other serious guilt qualified as a valid reason for divorce. At the same time, the spouse who preferred to save marriage had most instruments to do so. Therefore, it was up to the judge to weigh all evidences provided by both sides to the marriage, and often the decision regarding granting divorce was negative (Baskerville, 200 0). The sophisticated divorce procedure forced many couples who did not commit any act sufficient for the court to grant divorce seek for the way to bypass it. This resulted in numerous tricks and legal fictions invented by lawyers to satisfy the needs of such couples. For the most part, these tricks were based on false testimonies. This tendency produced highly negative response from the legal community with numerous judges and lawyers arguing against the excessively strict divorce procedure. The key concern was that such increase of perjury cases occurrence might undermine the reputation and integrity of the US system of justice. Advocates of a simplified divorce procedure claimed that adoption of no-fault laws was a better choice than forcing spouses continue living together or making perjury (Friedman, 2002). Although the no-fault legislation apparently simplified the divorce procedure, there has recently been a considerable movement for revocation of no-fault laws in the United States. Several key problems are associated with the concept of no-fault divorce. Firstly, the initial objective pursued by authors and advocates of no-fault laws was to facilitate dissolution of marriage by mutual consent of both spouses. However, it turned out that in most cases mutual consent was not in place and the new procedure enabled any party to the marriage to dissolve it without the other party's agreement. Thus, according to some estimates four out of five no-fault divorces were unilateral with only one of the spouses insisting on ending the marriage (Baskerville, 20

Essay stress Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stress - Essay Example that â€Å"the preset world is marked by increased cases of stress that is evident in nearly every activity that we undertake.† This work will show the causes and effects of stress to describe how stress levels have risen over the last three decades. It will expose some of the underlying factors associated with stress and its impact on people. This will focus on two countries namely China and United Kingdom. Relevant to the above, the paper will focus on comparison of three aspects of stress based on the modern and past life. Some of these aspects will comprise of work-related stressors, financial-based stressors, as well as stress associated with family issues. The paper will also explore health-related issues relevant to stress in the lives of human beings. In this respect, the paper will explore the effects of stress on digestive problems as well as heart diseases. Modern life is seen as more stressful as compared to the past. This can be viewed in terms of the health related issues that bedevil the current world, the financial issues, family issues, as well as the health related issues (Russell, 2013). These issues have been attributed to the increasing cases of stress related problems in the current society. It is of crucial significance to note that the level at which each aspect of the modern life mentioned above affects the lives of human beings differs considerably from each other. For instance, the consequences of health related stressors may greatly vary from the consequences of other aspects like family issues as well as financial issues. However, it is of critical significance to acknowledge the fact that these aspects of stress are greatly interlinked. Therefore, however much their consequences may vary, they contribute massively in making the modern life more stressful as compared to the past life. The issue of work has been shown to be one of the causes of stress in the modern world. This issue has been one of the problems that have bedeviled the

No-Fault Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

No-Fault Divorce - Essay Example In the first decade of this century the grown of divorce rates has reached almost epidemic proportions in the United States with as many as 12 million divorces registered over the 1990s which is the highest the developed world (Williams, 2000). Consequently, a number of experts view no-fault divorce as one of the key contributors to the increasingly high divorce rates in the US. Even brief analysis of the no-fault legislation and specifics of divorce granted under it suggests that such belief relies on solid evidence and might be absolutely correct: no-fault laws in their current form must be revised on the basis of sociological and legal experience that has been accumulated over the last three decades. The concept of no-fault divorce does not require demonstration of any proofs or evidences of wrong-doing to dissolve a marriage. The first state to adopt no-fault laws was California where they came in force on January 1, 1970. The example of California was soon followed by other states that implemented similar legislation. Prior to that, the procedure for obtaining a divorce involved mandatory provision of evidences demonstrating fault of one of the spouses. Requirements to the nature of such evidences were strict too. It was not sufficient to make a mere statement of not loving the spouse: only a proved case of committed adultery, wrongdoing, abandonment or other serious guilt qualified as a valid reason for divorce. At the same time, the spouse who preferred to save marriage had most instruments to do so. Therefore, it was up to the judge to weigh all evidences provided by both sides to the marriage, and often the decision regarding granting divorce was negative (Baskerville, 200 0). The sophisticated divorce procedure forced many couples who did not commit any act sufficient for the court to grant divorce seek for the way to bypass it. This resulted in numerous tricks and legal fictions invented by lawyers to satisfy the needs of such couples. For the most part, these tricks were based on false testimonies. This tendency produced highly negative response from the legal community with numerous judges and lawyers arguing against the excessively strict divorce procedure. The key concern was that such increase of perjury cases occurrence might undermine the reputation and integrity of the US system of justice. Advocates of a simplified divorce procedure claimed that adoption of no-fault laws was a better choice than forcing spouses continue living together or making perjury (Friedman, 2002). Although the no-fault legislation apparently simplified the divorce procedure, there has recently been a considerable movement for revocation of no-fault laws in the United States. Several key problems are associated with the concept of no-fault divorce. Firstly, the initial objective pursued by authors and advocates of no-fault laws was to facilitate dissolution of marriage by mutual consent of both spouses. However, it turned out that in most cases mutual consent was not in place and the new procedure enabled any party to the marriage to dissolve it without the other party's agreement. Thus, according to some estimates four out of five no-fault divorces were unilateral with only one of the spouses insisting on ending the marriage (Baskerville, 20

Target Corp - Strategic Management - 5 forces - value chain Essay

Target Corp - Strategic Management - 5 forces - value chain - Essay Example Operating in a dynamic business environment, companies often have to change their strategies to suit the industry requirements. Technological environment keeps on changing, so does customer tastes and preferences as well as government policies. The environment an organization was operating in five years ago, and the challenges faced then, are a very different from the challenges faced today. Five years from today, this scenario will be different. Thus, strategic management as a process does not end at any particular time; rather, it is an evolutionary process. As the business environment keeps changing, the management in most cases has to implement changes that will ensure that it successfully meets its goals and objectives. Failure to implement such changes whenever they fall due means that the organization falls short of its goals and objectives. Thus, it fails to live up to its vision, mission and does not achieve its target. As a destination, strategic management aims at achievin g particular goals and objectives, defined by the mission, vision and objective statement of the firm. A destination establishes a journey; not until the company reaches the defined destination, then strategies will keep on changing, through the review process. b. All companies currently must have a strategic plan to survive in the highly competitive business environment. Every organization, serious enough in achieving its goals and objectives needs to have plans on what it hopes to achieve. Even if it lacks a mission statement, then it ought to have a vision of the goals it hopes to achieve in the long term. A strategic management statement defines the vision and the mission, establishes goals and objectives to achieve. These are the underlying factors in a strategic plan of a company. Target Corporation has a vision, a mission and a target objective, the key elements defining a mission statement of a company. Laying out its plans in a well-defined way and manner, with a comprehens ively started goals and objectives, Target Corporation qualifies as a strategic management organization. While defining what it plans to achieve in future, Target Corporation plans to be the leading firm in the retail industry. Coming second from Wal-Mart retail chain in terms of market share and revenue collection, Target Corporation management hopes to become the leading firm, by passing Wal-Mart. the probability of this vision becoming a reality in absence of strategic management plans is zero. Therefore, Target has to lay down a framework that would help it achieve these goals and objectives. To achieve this strategy, the company plans to embark on an aggressive growth and expansion plan. Its long-term plans involve internal and external growth plans on areas identified through the SWOT analysis plan. Externally, it hopes to expand its operations internationally through establishment of more branches. This will not only win the firm a competitive advantage over other firms, but will also help it acquire a larger market share. Another way in which Target shows its strategic management plan is through product diversification and development. Despite offering a range of fashionable products, and enjoying high customer loyalty, the management believes that through product differentiation and diversification, it can win more customers,

Time and Landscape Essay Example for Free

Time and Landscape Essay A landscape where we live in can influence who we really are as we grow up with it and it allows us to understanding more about ourselves with our constant interaction with the landscape. However it is possible that we are not able to connect with the landscape, because of our incompatibility with it, hence it has no impact or influences upon us. Sometimes we adapt ourselves to a landscape and we learn from it, but due to unforeseeable circumstances, we change to a different environment and we have to evolve our mentality in order to be able to comprehend a new landscape. Through time, we can have a better understanding about ourselves as we bond with the landscape and we tend to eliminate any ambiguity that exists between ourselves and the landscape. A landscape where we grow up in provides us sentimental values and it is these values that provide us with thoughts to reflect on during tough times, due to the significance of the landscape. What we are able to learn and decipher from a certain landscape is different to others because no two man would ever see a same vision from a same angle and any attempt to share thoughts would create an undercurrent of hostility towards each other. It is these landscapes that can provide us memories that are so deep that we are not willing to let go of it and we hold on to it to death. This notion is explored through Rachel Perkins’ film One Night The Moon through the physical dominance of sky and the mountain ranges, where we learn about the landscape and also the mental struggle of its inhabitants. In One Night The Moon , the story explores a theme of loss, whereby the loving child Emily Ryan. It is also possible that we live in a landscape for a long period of time and we start to fight against it. People often abide their traditions as they learnt it from their ancestors which have passed in down from centuries ago. These traditions are contained within a landscape which influences them to have those traditions. The constant evolving of the world have forced a certain groups or individuals to alter their traditions, but they are still who they really are in the sense that their sense of belonging deeper down heir hearts are the same. Aboriginals in Australia may have had their land invaded by white settlers, but they still live in their own little communities. Although they have lost some of their cultures, but the memory of it is still within them because it was their interactions with the Australian landscape in the past that influenced them deeply, thus engraving those memories in their hearts. They may have physically lost the battle trying to keep the landscape they own, but they will never lose the mental battle because memories and imagination allows individuals to convert things that are completely different to something in which they understand. This is similar in One Night The Moon because even though Albert worked for the police he will never be able to forget his landscape from the past because it is in his blood. Xxxxxfinish this paragraph. Our actions portrays who we are, but ultimately it is the landscape in which we live that influences who we are and subsequently transforms us to project our true emotions. Landscapes not only influences us , but it also helps to create memories. However sometimes we do disagree with a particular landscape and we try to repel from it, but what we are unaware of is the firm recollection that they provide to us in our hearts and it makes forgetting a certain landscape something hard to do.

Management Functions Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s business world managers follow certain rules that help them be better at their job and also contribute to the success of the business. The functions of management are established to help managers see the business operations with more clarity and understanding. This report will look at the four functions planning, organizing, directing and controlling. In business managers are divided into three parts: top-level, middle managers and first-level managers. Each level of management uses the four functions of management to do their job better. Management success is gained through accomplishment of mission and objectives. Managers fail when they do not accomplish mission and objectives. Success and failure are tied directly to the reasons for being in business, i.e., mission and objectives. However, accomplishing mission and objectives is not sufficient. Success requires both effectiveness and efficiency. Managers who accomplish their mission and objectives are said to be effective. Efficiency describes the relationship between the amount of resources used (input) and the extent to which objectives were accomplished (output). If the cost of accomplishing an objective is prohibitive, then the objective is not realistic in the context of the firm's resources. Additional planning is necessary. Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the implementation of some basic management functions. These functions include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. By using these key tools, one can create an organization as a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to achieve goals, both successfully and proficiently. It is common knowledge to many managers and employees today that the very goal of one organization is to be as efficient and effective as possible. Planning, which can otherwise be known as the â€Å"first† function of management, places the groundwork in position for the other functions of management. Planning is a constant process that entails determining courses of action to respond to the questions of what should be done, by whom, where, when, and how. By planning properly, one will devise a proposal for the organizational activities necessary to reach the objectives one has set for themselves or their team. There are three basic management skills: technical, human and conceptual. A technical skill is t... ...in an organization or company. Management is basically just creative problem solving. Creative problem solving can be accomplished by using the four functions of management. The managers duties may vary but the basic functions of management remain the same. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the four functions of management. How they are implemented and used in an organization is the responsibility of the manager. Planning is an ongoing process that develops the company’s mission and objectives it also helps to determine how they will be accomplished. Planning is something that we all do practically everyday. We have to plan each day accordingly to accomplish our most important task. By planning we are less likely to have any surprises and by knowing what our tasks are for the day we are more likely to get those tasks accomplished. Resource: UOP (2005): Resource; Week One Reading Assignment. Retrieved on April 26, 2005 From University of Phoenix www.ecampus.phoenix.edu Lemire. J (2005) Week One reading: Course material newsgroup; UOP Retrieved on April 26, 2005 from www.ecampus.phoenix.edu James Higgins, The Management Challenge, Second edition, Macmillan, 1994 Management Functions Essay -- essays research papers In today’s business world managers follow certain rules that help them be better at their job and also contribute to the success of the business. The functions of management are established to help managers see the business operations with more clarity and understanding. This report will look at the four functions planning, organizing, directing and controlling. In business managers are divided into three parts: top-level, middle managers and first-level managers. Each level of management uses the four functions of management to do their job better. Management success is gained through accomplishment of mission and objectives. Managers fail when they do not accomplish mission and objectives. Success and failure are tied directly to the reasons for being in business, i.e., mission and objectives. However, accomplishing mission and objectives is not sufficient. Success requires both effectiveness and efficiency. Managers who accomplish their mission and objectives are said to be effective. Efficiency describes the relationship between the amount of resources used (input) and the extent to which objectives were accomplished (output). If the cost of accomplishing an objective is prohibitive, then the objective is not realistic in the context of the firm's resources. Additional planning is necessary. Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the implementation of some basic management functions. These functions include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. By using these key tools, one can create an organization as a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to achieve goals, both successfully and proficiently. It is common knowledge to many managers and employees today that the very goal of one organization is to be as efficient and effective as possible. Planning, which can otherwise be known as the â€Å"first† function of management, places the groundwork in position for the other functions of management. Planning is a constant process that entails determining courses of action to respond to the questions of what should be done, by whom, where, when, and how. By planning properly, one will devise a proposal for the organizational activities necessary to reach the objectives one has set for themselves or their team. There are three basic management skills: technical, human and conceptual. A technical skill is t... ...in an organization or company. Management is basically just creative problem solving. Creative problem solving can be accomplished by using the four functions of management. The managers duties may vary but the basic functions of management remain the same. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the four functions of management. How they are implemented and used in an organization is the responsibility of the manager. Planning is an ongoing process that develops the company’s mission and objectives it also helps to determine how they will be accomplished. Planning is something that we all do practically everyday. We have to plan each day accordingly to accomplish our most important task. By planning we are less likely to have any surprises and by knowing what our tasks are for the day we are more likely to get those tasks accomplished. Resource: UOP (2005): Resource; Week One Reading Assignment. Retrieved on April 26, 2005 From University of Phoenix www.ecampus.phoenix.edu Lemire. J (2005) Week One reading: Course material newsgroup; UOP Retrieved on April 26, 2005 from www.ecampus.phoenix.edu James Higgins, The Management Challenge, Second edition, Macmillan, 1994

Shakespeare In Love :: essays research papers

Shakespeare in Love is a fictional story about the writing of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes, is in the middle of what could be a disastrous writer's block. His idea for the play, which should be completed, is a pirate comedy entitled Romeo and Ethel, the Pirate's Daughter. But Will is stuck, his shrink asks him how long it has been since he has been with a woman and advises him that that is what he needs. Auditions are held since the players' troup is out on tour. All the not so actors are pitiful. Except for Thomas Kent, the alias given by Viola, played by Gwyneth Paltrow. Women at this time are not allowed on stage in public. After Shakespeare shows interest, this character runs away to her estate where a party is being held. He follows Thomas into this party to later find love at first sight in Viola. Thomas once again shows up to receive her part in the play as Romeo. While Will and Thomas are talking, Shakespeare pours his heart out, telling about this wonderfully beautiful woman, Thomas's cousin. Somehow, they end up kissing. Now that Will has this woman, his writers block is cured, he goes on to write Romeo and Juliet through his true-life actions in his affair with Viola. At the end of the movie they put on the play through all the hardships, in the company of Queen Elizabeth. I greatly enjoyed this movie, even though it is not a typical movie of my preference. The truth is that I would have never gone to see this movie if extra credit was not given. I was delighted to see an extremely entertaining movie. I was also amazed at all the references that I would not have not caught if it weren't for English Literature and history covered this year and by reading Romeo and Juliet two years ago. Freshmen year, while reading the play, I repeatedly caught myself thinking, "I don't understand a thing they are saying.

Poultry meat

Poultry meat production and welfare in Beijing – Consumer views, values and purchase behaviour Maln aim, I would like the study to explore consumer values and attitudes towards the poultry industry and the factors influencing consumer choice and purchase of poultry meat. The report should study the range of consumer views relating to poultry meat with regard to food safety, welfare assurance, country of origin, utilisation of the carcase, taste, labelling, branding and assurance schemes where relevant.Key areas of Interest and objectives: To report on the current structure of the poultry meat supply chain ( farm to retail including production volumes, number of producers, the supply chain, volumes sold, import / export To review recent trends in the purchase of poultry meat ( where bought from, volumes, consumption trends, prices, range of products – whole birds and portions) Carry out primary research to investigate factors influencing the purchase of poultry meat and the views of consumers relating to Country of originProduction systems ( intensive, free range, organic etc) Welfare, assurance schemes, food safety Marketing Mix – price, promotion, products, place (segmentation and point of sale), Branding, Labelling, Quality – taste, colour etc To suggest what changes may take place In the future for the poultry meat supply chain In BelJlng and Information of value to marketers. Proposed method: Primary research – Quantitative survey Range of question formats Self-administration SamplingDifferent regions, Large towns, Small towns and villages Cross-section of demographic types Enables comparison to be made with earlier work I have attached a questionnaire which was used in the UK and I would like similar researcn Delng un e en n BelJlng using tne same questions wnere posslDle so that I may make comparisons. There will of course, be additional questions which are relevant to poultry meat in Beijing which will need to be includ ed ( or questions amended to suit).

Implementation of School Uniform

Argumentative Essay Implementation of School Uniform Students spend most of their time at school. They are very conscious about their over-all looks especially in the school. When it comes to appearance, clothes and style are one of the best and easiest ways to express themselves, and by all odds helps people to understand of who they really are. Even so, there has been an ongoing debate on whether school uniforms should be completely abolished in all schools or uniforms should become a compulsory to all educational institutions.Despite both pros and cons of this issue, I personally stick to the idea that school uniforms should be introduced in all public and private schools. Some important points to consider why they should require students to wear school uniform in all schools are the following: security in wearing uniform and promotes equality among students. Safety is among the most important duties of a school. To wear a certain school uniform may help reduce distractions and im prove school safety.For example, there will be less bullying and degrading to every student. Sometimes, children who cannot afford the latest fashion are ridiculed by their peers. Uniforms can also prevent students from wearing inappropriate clothing inside the campus that is sexually, illegally, etc. Another thing is when the students are required to wear matching uniforms; they are easily distinguishable from other groups. For an instance, it is easier to notice students while out on field trips and other outings because they are wearing uniform.Most importantly, it is harder for terrorists or trespassers to enter the school vicinity and do harm to anyone. Moving on to my second point, wearing uniform promotes equality between students. Wearing school uniform removes social barriers and put everyone equally on the ground. Itprovides a sense of belongingness to each and everyone inside the campus, it also provides students the opportunity to be accepted and included. And lastly, we aring school uniforms destress clothing as a means of conformity. It encourages equal environment in school by imiting socioeconomic difference among students. It may reduce bullying, teasing and cliques to students who can’t afford. As a whole, having a certain uniform in the school is a great solution. Wearing the same clothes provides security for students so as the faculty, the school in whole and advocates the sense of equality to everyone. That helps the individual to feel like they belong rather than they don’t fit at all. In my own point of view, school uniform should be implemented in all schools, both public and private for it is a good idea.

Understand the Principles and Requirements of Assessment

LEVEL 3 CERTIFICATION IN ASSESSING VOCATIONAL COMPETENCE LED BY CAROL SMOUT LESSON 1 26TH SEPT 2011 THE ROLE OF AN ASSESSOR ASSESSING PERFORMANCEGIVING FEEDBACK CONTRIBUTE TO A PAPER TRAIL ROLE OF AN ASSESSOR ROLE OF AN ASSESSOR WRITE EFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT PLANS 1. ASSESSING PERFORMANCE = A range of assessments, I am making a judgement on 2. GIVING FEEDBACK = Verbal feedback, Written Feedback. {Try to be positive, Don’t be negative candidates find this demoralising} 3. CONTRIBUTE TO a PAPER TRAIL = I have to write on a least 3 pieces of paper all of which are auditable Assessment plans. I need to contribute to a paper trail. As an Assessor I assess a Candidate/Student then someone {IV OR EV} then checks my assessment decision. This is called THE QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM. When I am audited as an experienced Assessor I need to be able to demonstrate that I understand Quality Assurance. I have to be able to write effective assessment plans. 4. WRITE EFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT PLANS= Example: â€Å" I have met with blah blah blah and she/he has said she/he wants to do a shampoo & blow dry & a semi-permanent next week. â€Å"We plan to do this in this time on this date with this candidate & I am going to orally question her/him to check her/his underpinning knowledge. THIS EQUALS A PLAN !!! LEVEL 3 CERTIFICATION IN ASSESSING VOCATIONAL COMPETENCE LED BY CAROL SMOUT LESSON 2 3RD OCTOBER 2011 STAGES OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS PLANNING. STAGES OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS STAGES OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS REVIEWING JUDGING RECORDING QUALITY ASSURANCE 1. PLANNING = Assessment plannin g sheets & Consultation Sheets. 2. REVIEWING. Straight from SCHOOL TO COLLEGE no work base knowledge. First meeting with my candidate check if the candidate has any prior learning (APL= ACCREDITATION FOR PRIOR LEARNING) â€Å"What qualifications do you currently have† Do they relate to what they are currently doing now. I may find that some elements of the assessment may have already been done. When a candidate joins the college straight from school they still may have some prior learning. Some schools send their students to college to learn about hairdressing as part of their learning at school, some of this learning can be taken into consideration as prior learning. REVIEWING WORK BASE. If the candidate is joining college and is work based and is now coming to college for apprentership they may have been shampooing for 3 years so will not need to do their level one because of their prior learning they can go straight on to level 2. It would be unfair to make them do it all over again; they don’t need to be taught again. It’s all about taking the candidate forward. 3. JUDGING STAGE. This stage is the most difficult. Assessors find it most difficult as to â€Å"Am I Judging this right? † â€Å"Am I being really harsh or am I being a lenient? † So I have to follow 6 steps to ensure that I am doing this correctly. I have to check the Assessment by: IS THE ASSESSMENT 1. VALID Can be done using the Methods of Assessment. OBSERVATION, I can Observe it’s valid I can see it being done by that candidate. ORAL/VERBAL, I can ask questions and check their underpinning knowledge and check its validity EXAMS. Exams are obviously valid as there done under strict conditions, examiners are present their not allowed to talk etc. PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSION I Can talk to them in a professional capacity to check validity PROJECTS & ASSIGNEMENTS Are valid make sure signed dated good way at checking their knowledge. Although could have been done by someone else again ask oral questions and ask them to reference and put in a bibliography for me to refer and check if I feel not valid WITNESS STATEMENTS. An employer can provide a witness statement that a candidate has competently passed an assessment. It Valid if signed by their employer but still need to check validity could discuss how they achieved this pass what did they do how did they do it. PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE Valid I can see the photographic evidence try to get the candidates to get a picture that shows them doing the work. Still a little grey though as someone else could have done the work but just taken a photograph of the candidate with the client doesn’t mean necessarily that they have done the work. IS THE ASSESSMENT 2 RELIABLE. How sure am I that the above are reliable, how do I know for sure that the work I am assessing is that candidates own work, some are obviously reliable e. g. observation because I can see it being done. IS THE ASSESSMENT 3 SUFFICIENT. Has the candidate done enough to pass all elements of the unit being assessed. For example the candidate is being assessed to shampoo and condition a client’s hair and to sell a product. She/he may well have used all the correct products and massage movements but during the assessment She/he may not have been given the opportunity to sell a product in which case the candidate will have passed some elements of the unit chosen but because she couldn’t sell a product that part of the unit will have to be referred to another assessment but the candidate will have passed the other two elements of the unit. ALWAYS MAKE SURE THE CANDIDATE READS THROUGH THEIR PC’s (Performance Criteria’s) WHICH IS IN THEIR LOG BOOKS FOR EACH UNIT THERE ARE ELEMENTS OF THAT UNIT THAT THEY HAVE TO PASS TO ACHIEVE A FULL PASS IN THAT UNIT !!! IS THE ASSESSMENT 4. AUTHENTIC I have to know that every assessment they are doing is that candidates. How do know that that assessment is that authentic and reliable ? The best way to find out if not observed by me is to orally question them. IS THE ASSESSMENT 5. CURRENT Is the candidate demonstrating up to date skills? Is the candidate using up to date equipment? Example if the candidate is doing a colour & we haven’t got a roller ball or a climazon & they have to place the client under a hood dryer with a cap on the clients head. The service with that equipment is NOT CURRENT to industry. IS THE ASSESSMENT 6. SAFE Is the assessment taking place safe for all Are they working safely. I can stop an assessment at any time if there is a danger to the client, to anybody else in the room or to the candidate themselves. RECORDING STAGE Recording takes place in the log books for hairdressing. I record assessment decisions on consultation sheets. Also recording takes place for an assessment if it’s on a written paper on a marking front sheet. The awarding body gives us these marking sheets and it is my job to make sure that the candidate signs it & that I sign it & I put their marks on it. It is the evidence as to whether the candidate is competent on that written paper. There will be a written paper from C. H. E. A. T. When I mark assignments there will also be an assignment front sheet that I would record their feedback on. Whether it is passed or referred the candidate would sign it and date it, I would sign and date it to validate that assessment { THESE PAPER FORMS ARE VITAL FOR ME TO BE ABLE TO DO MY ROLE AS AN ASSESSOR FORMS ARE AVAILABLE FROM CAROLE AND VIA KERRY I NEED THESE FORMS AS SOON AS I START TO SHADOW} QUALITY ASSURANCE When I assess a candidate and I have already recorded it all on the previous documents. I also have to track a student candidate throughout their qualification, so if they have completed one whole unit I would need to sign off the tracking document, this document forms part of the tracking paper trail for Quality Assurance I also need to attend Standardisation Meetings. Usually done twice a year at the beginning and the end of a course. At these standardisation meetings I have to interact and share my views and contribute to these meetings. When we attend the meeting we all should bring along one or two units that we have marked, we can then shuffle them around between each other and look at them to make sure that the students are all being marked equally and that we haven’t been too harsh on them with a marking or too lenient on them. We all need to be marking to the same standard. This is what standardisation is all about & that forms part of this Quality Assurance Process. External verification officers come in they check and look at our tracking, they look at all our minutes and meetings, they come and look at the candidates log books, they look at their consultation sheets, they look at all their written papers & their assignments. They are checking that there was some sort of assessment in place & then they are making sure that I as an assessor planned the assessment. Health & Safety Legislation Sourced from HSE The Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 The Education (School Premises) Regulations 1999 The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 The Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2006 The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 The Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974 The main piece of legislation affecting the management of health and safety in educational establishments across all sectors is the Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974 (HSWA). This Act provides a framework for ensuring the health and safety of all employees in any work activity. It also provides for the health and safety of anyone who may be affected by work activities in eg pupils/students and visitors to educational sites, including parents and contractors. In Northern Ireland, similar provisions are made by the Health and Safety at Work (NI) Order 1978. Employers and employees (as well as manufacturers, suppliers and the self-employed) must comply with the duties set out in the Act, which are summarised as follows. * Section 2 places a duty on employers to ensure the health, safety and welfare of employees as far as is reasonably practicable. It also requires employers to consult with trade union safety representatives on matters affecting health and safety in the workplace. Moreover, employers of more than five people must prepare a written health and safety policy and bring it to the attention of employees. Section 3 requires employers to ensure that non-employees (eg pupils/students) who may be affected by work activities are not exposed to risks to their health and safety. Where young or vulnerable persons may be affected, the duty of care is greater. * Section 4 places a duty on anyone responsible for the workplace to ensure that the premises, plant and machinery do not endanger the people using them. * Section 5 requires emplo yers to prevent and control harmful, noxious or offensive emissions into the atmosphere. Section 6 places duties on designers, manufacturers and suppliers to ensure that articles and substances are safe for use. * Section 7 states that it is the duty of every employee while at work to take reasonable care of him or herself and of any other person who may be affected by his or her actions. This section also requires employees to cooperate with their employer in relation to health and safety issues. * Section 8 requires employees not to interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interest of health and safety. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 The main requirement of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations is that employers must carry out risk assessments to eliminate or reduce risks. Employers with five or more employees need to record the significant findings of a risk assessment – it is not necessary to record risk assessments for trivial or insignificant risks. In addition, employers also need to: * make arrangements for implementing the health and safety measures identified as necessary by risk assessments * monitor and review those arrangements appoint people with sufficient knowledge, skills, experience and training to help them to implement these arrangements * set up emergency procedures and provide information about them to employees * provide clear information, supervision and training for employees and ensure that suitably competent people are appointed who are capable of carrying out the tasks entrusted to them * work together with any other employer(s) operating from the same workplace, sharing information on the risks that other staff may be exposed to, eg cleaning, catering or maintenance contractors * take particular account of risks to new and expectant mothers. A risk assessment is a careful examination of the work activities that could, whether on or off site, cause harm to people so that your employer can weigh up whether they have taken adequate precautions or should do more to prevent harm. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 require employers to assess the risks arising from work activities to both employees and non-employees (eg students, visiting parents). Employees have a right to see the results of risk assessments. Who can do risk assessments? Employers are responsible for ensuring that risk assessments are carried out by competent people (ie those who have sufficient knowledge, skills, experience and aptitude). These people may be current employees, provided they have been suitably trained, or external health and safety professionals. Safety reps have a legal right to be consulted and can assist on risk assessments. However, the risk assessment remains the legal obligation of the employer and therefore should be signed by the employer once complete. Activities that should be assessed All work activities that could present a potential hazard should be risk assessed. ‘Hazard' means something with the potential to cause harm, including ill health as well as injury. ‘Risk' is the likelihood of that hazard actually causing harm during the course of work activities. In an education setting, there are particular situations that typically require risk assessments: * the work activities of all new and expectant mothers require a specific risk assessment under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, with any necessary adjustments made to their working conditions a risk assessment should be conducted before taking students off site * workplace stress and stressors should also be included within risk assessments The Education (School Premises) Regulations 1999 These regulations set out minimum health and safety standards for all maintained schools in England and Wales, covering issues such as temperature, toilet facilities for pupils, ventilation and lighting. Some of the standards also have to be met by non-maintained special schools and independent schools. The regulations operate in conjunction with the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations, as outlined below. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 These regulations deal with physical conditions in the workplace and require employers to meet minimum standards in relation to a wide range of matters, which include: * maintenance of buildings and equipment * lighting * provision of drinking water * temperature * rest facilities * ventilation * toilet facilities * first aid. The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 These regulations require employers to minimise the health risks associated with manual handling, a term used to describe activities which involve lifting, carrying, moving, holding, pushing, lowering, pulling or restraining an object, person or animal. Employers should: * avoid the need to lift, carry, push, pull, lower or support loads wherever possible * mechanise tasks where they cannot be avoided by the use of trolleys, barrows, lifts or hoists * carry out risk assessments, which take into account the work task, the activity involved, individual capacity, working environment and other factors. The Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2006 The Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations place specific duties on employers, owners and those in control of buildings to manage the risks from asbestos fibres that may be released when building or maintenance work takes place. The regulations require the following steps to be taken to manage the risk: * find out if there is asbestos on the premises, its amount and what condition it is in * presume materials contain asbestos, unless there is evidence that they do not * make and keep up to date a record of the location and condition of the materials containing asbestos or which are presumed to contain asbestos * carry out a risk assessment on materials containing asbestos * prepare and implement a plan that sets out in detail how the risk from this material is going to be managed * review and monitor the plan and the arrangements provide information on the location and condition of the material to anyone who is liable to work on or disturb it (including staff). Specialist help is ge nerally required to determine the presence of materials containing asbestos and to remove asbestos. The HSE advises that if asbestos is in good condition and is not likely to be disturbed or damaged, it is usually safer to leave it in place and manage it. The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 These regulations oblige employers to assess the workstations of staff who use display screen equipment (DSE). The workstation is the equipment itself, its accessories and the surrounding work environment. The minimum requirements of employers are to: * identify â€Å"users† of display screen equipment, ie those who habitually use DSE as a significant part of their normal work * assess workstations to ensure that they meet minimum standards * provide information, instruction and training on the potential hazards of using DSE equipment * offer free eyesight tests to users of DSE equipment at regular intervals and to pay for spectacles that are required for the work * review assessments. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 These place a duty on employers to assess all foreseeable risks associated with work activities involving electricity. Employers are required to install safe systems of working, with well-maintained equipment, covering everything from power lines to kettles. All installation and repairs should be undertaken by a qualified electrician or those who have appropriate technical knowledge, though some minor repairs, inspections, fitting of plugs, etc may be under taken by suitably trained staff. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations R. I. D. D. O. R 1995 Under these regulations (often referred to as RIDDOR), certain work-related accidents are reportable by law to the Health and Safety Executive or the local authority. The following must be reported: * death of any person * a ‘major injury' to any person at work * hospital treatment of any person who is not at work (eg pupil/student) * an accident which results in a person at work being incapacitated for more than three consecutive days (excluding the day of the accident) * specified dangerous occurrences, eg building collapse * specified work-related diseases, eg mesothelioma and hepatitis. Educational establishments should have clear guidelines on incident reporting and this should be conveyed to staff on the first day of their employment. Accident reporting An accident is an unplanned event that results in injury, damage to property or some other loss. The law requires that certain work-related accidents are reported to the local authority or the Health and Safety Executive. All accidents to employees, however minor, should be recorded. This is a requirement under social security legislation. As a result of a workplace injury an employee may need to claim for benefits in the future, and the relevant checks will be made to confirm that the accident occurred at work. Reporting and recording procedures vary. Employers need to be sure that they satisfy all legal reporting requirements for employees and non-employees, and take measures to monitor accidents. As part of the reactive monitoring process, accident records are needed to assess whether the existing controls are adequate or to identify if trends are developing and to implement new procedures. Records may also have to be produced for the Health and Safety Executive, to parents/guardians, or in the course of civil proceedings if a claim is brought following an incident. How to report an accident All accidents can be reported to the Incident Contact Centre (ICC), Caerphilly Business Park, Caerphilly CF83 3GG. Alternatively, call on tel: 0845 300 9923 on Mondays to Fridays between 8. 30am and 5. 30pm, email  [email  protected] om  or report via the internet at  www. riddor. gov. uk. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 These regulations (often known as the COSHH regulations) require employers to asses s and prevent (or at least adequately control) the risks to health from the use of any hazardous substances used in the workplace. A hazardous substance is one which has, by law, to be labelled as ‘very toxic', ‘toxic', ‘harmful', ‘irritant' or ‘corrosive'. It therefore includes many chemical substances such as paints and cleaning materials, as well as wood dust. The obligations to employers are to: * assess the risks * decide what precautions are needed take steps to reduce or adequately control exposure to hazardous substances * ensure that control measures are utilised and maintained * monitor exposure * carry out health surveillance of employees who have been or are likely to be exposed * have in place emergency procedures to deal with accidents/incidents * ensure that employees are properly informed, trained and supervised. Educational establishments must have in place appropriate measures to ensure that the risks to the health and safety of pupils /students from exposure to hazardous substances are minimised. COSHH and hairdressers – key messages * Frequent contact with water and shampoo can irritate the skin leading to dermatitis. Some hairdressing and cleaning products can cause dermatitis and skin allergies. * Some dusty products like persulphates and henna can cause asthma. * Some hair sprays can make asthma worse. There are simple things you can do to prevent dermatitis and asthma: * Keep the workplace well ventilated. * Wear disposable non-latex gloves for shampooing, colouring and bleaching. * Dry your hands thoroughly after washing with a soft towel. * Moisturise your hands as often as possible. * Change your gloves between clients. * Check your skin regularly for early signs of skin problems. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 These regulations set out minimum standards for the use of equipment at work. The main requirements are for employers to: * take account of working conditions and hazards when selecting equipment * provide work equipment which conforms to relevant safety standards * ensure that the work equipment is suitable for its intended purpose and used only for that purpose * maintain and keep the equipment in good working order * ensure that appropriate safety devices are available, if required * issue staff with appropriate instructions, training and supervision to use the work equipment safely * make sure that equipment is inspected after installation or after assembly at a new location. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 These regulations cover the planning and management of construction projects. An essential part of a project's development is health and safety. Consequently, there is a duty on those involved in a construction project, such as the controller of buildings (ie the LA/governing body/headteacher/principal), contractors and designers to cooperate with each other to identify risks early on, and to report matters that are likely to endanger health and safety. There is also a duty to take appropriate measures to prevent the risk of injury to any person during the construction, which would include staff, pupils/students and visitors to the premises. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a disability as a â€Å"physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on a person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities†. To be substantial, the disability must last or be expected to last for at least 12 months. However, those with cancer, MS or who are HIV positive are deemed to be disabled from the point of diagnosis. The act requires employers to ensure that disabled persons have safe access to premises and safe egress in the event of evacuation. They must also make any reasonable changes to the physical features of premises, hours of work, etc that may be necessary to accommodate the needs of disabled employees. Disability discrimination The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 requires employers to make ‘reasonable adjustments' to premises or working practices to ensure that employees are not disadvantaged because of their disability. In order to have rights under the Disability Discrimination Act, an employee must show they are defined as disabled under the act. This means suffering from a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on the person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. Any adverse effects must last for at least a year to be considered ‘long-term'. Impairments must affect at least one of the following: * mobility * manual dexterity * physical coordination * continence ability to lift, carry or otherwise move everyday objects * speech * hearing * eyesight * memory or ability to concentrate, learn or understand * perception of risk of physical danger. Under the act, people with cancer, MS and those who are HIV positive are deemed to be disab led from the point of diagnosis. Other impairments that employment tribunals have considered a disability include depression, epilepsy, ME and asthma. This does not mean, however, that all people who suffer from these impairments are disabled under the act – much depends on their ability to carry out at least one of the day-to-day activities listed above. Duty to implement reasonable adjustments Employers are obliged to make reasonable adjustments to premises or working arrangements to prevent a disabled person from being placed at a substantial disadvantage compared with persons who are not disabled. In educational establishments, adjustment to premises can include the following: * providing wheelchair-accessible toilets, ramps and automatic opening doors * allocating classrooms on ground floors * providing a designated car-parking space * widening doorways and re-arranging furniture to allow wheelchair-users to move around * providing ergonomically designed chairs or adapted keyboards * acquiring specialist equipment with magnifying facilities. Changes to working arrangements may be made by: employing an assistant to undertake administrative tasks * providing a reader or signer for a visually impaired person * adjusting the timetable or allowing extra non-contact time * allocating some duties to another employee * altering working hours to allow part-time work or job-shari ng * providing additional training. While the potential cost of adjustments often concern educational establishments, many are relatively inexpensive. Moreover, under the Employment Service's Access to Work Scheme, funding is available for human support and adaptations to premises and equipment. Disability employment advisors in Jobcentres offer free independent advice on adjustments to the workplace. Many LAs also employ disability officers. Other forms of discrimination under the Act Failure to make reasonable adjustments is one of the five ways in which an employer can discriminate on the grounds of disability. The others are: Direct discrimination: this occurs where a person discriminates against a disabled person if, on the ground of that person's disability, he or she is treated less favourably than a person not having that particular disability has been or would have been treated. There is no justification defence to a claim for direct discrimination. Disability-related discrimination: this occurs where the employer, for reasons relating to a person's disability, treats that employee less favourably than the employer treats or would treat others to whom that reason does not apply, and that treatment is not justified. Harassment: occurs where the disabled person is subjected to unwanted conduct which has the purpose or effect of violating his or her dignity or creating an intimidating, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for him or her. Victimisation: essentially occurs where the disabled person is treated less favourably because he or she has commenced a claim under the Disability Discrimination Act; or has given evidence/information in proceedings brought by someone else; or has alleged that a person has contravened the act. A claim for disability discrimination must be presented to the Employment Tribunal within three months beginning with the date of the act of which complaint is made. The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 These regulations require employers to provide: * adequate and appropriate first-aid equipment and facilities * an adequate number of qualified first aiders * an ‘appointed person', if a first aider is absent, to take charge of first-aid arrangements, including looking after the equipment and calling the emergency services. The Approved Code of Practice to the regulations stresses that the employer must make an assessment of first-aid needs. Educational establishments should therefore take account of risks to pupils/students on and off site when considering their provisions for first aid. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Under this order, the ‘responsible person' in the workplace (ie the employer/owner/person in control) is required to take general fire safety precautions to ensure the health and safety of staff and others, such as pupils/students. These precautions include: * assessing the risk of fire, paying particular attention to those who may be especially vulnerable, eg children * ensuring that there are effective means of escape * making sure the workplace is well-equipped with appropriate fire-fighting equipment/detectors/alarms * adopting appropriate fire-fighting measures * nominating an adequate number of suitably trained and equipped competent persons to implement these measures. The order contains duties relating to safety drills and emergency routes/exits, which employees must be made aware of at their induction. Fire risk assessment Risk assessment is at the heart of fire safety management. A fire risk assessment follows the same principles as any risk assessment: * Step one: Identify the fire hazards, eg what could start a fire, combustible materials, etc. * Step two: Identify people at risk (look at numbers of people, vulnerable groups and the likelihood of the fire spreading). * Step three: Evaluate the risks and implement control measures to remove or reduce the risk. * Step four: Record the findings and inform staff and safety reps. Step five: Review and revise the plan as and when there are changes in work activities, the use of the building, etc. Safety representatives should request a copy of the school or college fire risk assessments. Further guidance on fire risk assessments and precautions is available from the Department for Communities and Lo cal Government at:  www. firesafetyguides. communities. gov. uk What every staff member should know Fire safety procedures should be a part of induction for every new member of staff. In particular, staff should be informed of the following: * the fire risk * what to do if they discover a fire * raising the alarm * recognising the fire alarm and acting on it * calling the fire brigade. Discovering a fire If a fire is discovered, the first action is to raise the alarm so the occupants of the building know there is a fire and that they must leave. This is usually done by locating the ‘break glass' call point. There are many types of fire extinguishers used in schools and colleges. Staff that are not trained to use fire-fighting equipment should not waste time trying to make them work. Those who have been trained and nominated to use the equipment should not attempt to put out large fires. If a fire cannot be put out, the door should be closed and the building evacuated RECOGNISE GOOD PRACTICE IN ASSESSING CANDIDATES IN RELATION TO ASSESSMENT. As Assessors we should be demonstrating good practice in relation to equality and diversity ; equal opportunities Equality = Treating everyone as an individual, not the same as everyone else, we are not all the same, we are all very different individuals. Eg there may be limitations to someone with a disability. They cannot be treated the same as myself as her/his disability may limit them in what they can do, so they need to be treated individually. Diversity. Is about the diverse nature of the industry. The clients, different hair types, textures etc. Diversity means all different sizes, shapes, ages, dark hair, light hair, black, white. It is good practice to ensure Health ; Safety to make sure that we adapt working environments for different clients, different candidates, and different students. It is good practice to encourage our candidates and students to use technology, encourage them to use computers, internet, submit assignments electronically etc. We have to be seen to be embracing this in our assessment processes. Reflective Practice Demonstrate a proactive approach to self-reflection, â€Å"How do I feel I am doing? † C. P. D {Continual Professional Development} is key to good practice. I need to keep myself up to date with my skills. I need to keep up to date with new equipment being introduced to the industry. I should always be in-front of my candidates/students, I should never be in a situation where a student is telling me about new trends, new equipment that I have never heard of. It is good practice that I am always seen to be keeping ahead in the industry that I am assessing. It is not good practice if I do not know what is going on in the industry I am assessing I should get feedback from others too on how I am doing. Each year I have to obtain 30 hours of evidence of hands on C. P. D. This is achieved {if I am working for the college} in July C. P. D week it may be that the college sets up 2 days where a company comes into the salon and demonstrates new equipment trains us on up to date styles. They will also open up a commercial salon so that we can work commercially for a day. The college may also send us out for training for instance to Saks. I have to upload all of my work to I. F. L to ensure my C. P. D.